{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:YIOZIA3P7KQXKLMNNBUYLYDPJP","short_pith_number":"pith:YIOZIA3P","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1903.00334","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2019-03-01T14:54:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"ddbf8109a839f8690057e128370751772ef8dcc4c5f0456eb70ac376bf573644","abstract_canon_sha256":"242e59444d5557fa2e6398fe6749697dacaf8ddd7971bdcf0c94433b0e76d3c5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c21d94036ffaa1752d8d686985e06f4bc2a17b88ae6e20fe33cfe9dae0bfd774","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1903.00334","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1903.00334","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1903.00334v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1903.00334","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"YIOZIA3P7KQX","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"YIOZIA3P7KQXKLMN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"YIOZIA3P","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:33Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:YIOZIA3P7KQXKLMNNBUYLYDPJP","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1903.00334","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2019-03-01T14:54:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"ddbf8109a839f8690057e128370751772ef8dcc4c5f0456eb70ac376bf573644","abstract_canon_sha256":"242e59444d5557fa2e6398fe6749697dacaf8ddd7971bdcf0c94433b0e76d3c5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c21d94036ffaa1752d8d686985e06f4bc2a17b88ae6e20fe33cfe9dae0bfd774","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:20.056751Z","signature_b64":"INCtRzBjVYs0bz7fyVjw40r1iH2iGPxKQjeW110kcXwj6GQlktlUYVofkv0Yg/SB37mqyXL1JtWpK+dMuBBhCA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"c21d94036ffaa1752d8d686985e06f4bc2a17b88ae6e20fe33cfe9dae0bfd774","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:20.055986Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:20.055986Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1903.00334","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:20Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"BoY1c85hNUBfV+/EjW4+xdTYWsQrnsCDVRztUutTdg7kXSsMNcJjtoxdUK0CEaGWLrUZhp1XYEzpRjhGb88oCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T07:56:28.545405Z"},"content_sha256":"90ebeb0db480803ddef54b0a353ac4e44e7f6b405f21c8db3a6a3a44505a157f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:90ebeb0db480803ddef54b0a353ac4e44e7f6b405f21c8db3a6a3a44505a157f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:YIOZIA3P7KQXKLMNNBUYLYDPJP","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Having Fun in Learning Formal Specifications","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.SE","authors_text":"Craig Q.H.D. Leek, I.S.W.B. Prasetya, Jan van Bergen, Jelle J. Oostveen, J.M. Everink, Joris ten Tusscher, Mike de Vries, Orestis Melkonian, Petar Kostic, Rick Meijerink, Roan Oosenbrug, Thomas van der Klis, Tijmen van den Pol, Wink M. van Zon","submitted_at":"2019-03-01T14:54:15Z","abstract_excerpt":"There are many benefits in providing formal specifications for our software. However, teaching students to do this is not always easy as courses on formal methods are often experienced as dry by students. This paper presents a game called FormalZ that teachers can use to introduce some variation in their class. Students can have some fun in playing the game and, while doing so, also learn the basics of writing formal specifications in the form of pre- and post-conditions. Unlike existing software engineering themed education games such as Pex and Code Defenders, FormalZ takes the deep gamifica"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1903.00334","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:20Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"oQ2avRa/gDpgiOc5WH1Yov/tmaMwXkIdA7P2LOBlyn5/LWEcd+J8O+yrDE7mE/0ACuj62bNikNbPkbIIhjPPBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T07:56:28.546072Z"},"content_sha256":"66c2bb7124da068a879a6ee0d53df7652a0c386230180148e5d09b6a8d789852","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:66c2bb7124da068a879a6ee0d53df7652a0c386230180148e5d09b6a8d789852"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/YIOZIA3P7KQXKLMNNBUYLYDPJP/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/YIOZIA3P7KQXKLMNNBUYLYDPJP/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/YIOZIA3P7KQXKLMNNBUYLYDPJP/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-31T07:56:28Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/YIOZIA3P7KQXKLMNNBUYLYDPJP","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/YIOZIA3P7KQXKLMNNBUYLYDPJP/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/YIOZIA3P7KQXKLMNNBUYLYDPJP/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/YIOZIA3P7KQXKLMNNBUYLYDPJP/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:YIOZIA3P7KQXKLMNNBUYLYDPJP","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"242e59444d5557fa2e6398fe6749697dacaf8ddd7971bdcf0c94433b0e76d3c5","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2019-03-01T14:54:15Z","title_canon_sha256":"ddbf8109a839f8690057e128370751772ef8dcc4c5f0456eb70ac376bf573644"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1903.00334","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1903.00334","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1903.00334v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1903.00334","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"YIOZIA3P7KQX","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"YIOZIA3P7KQXKLMN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"YIOZIA3P","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:33Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:66c2bb7124da068a879a6ee0d53df7652a0c386230180148e5d09b6a8d789852","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:20Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"There are many benefits in providing formal specifications for our software. However, teaching students to do this is not always easy as courses on formal methods are often experienced as dry by students. This paper presents a game called FormalZ that teachers can use to introduce some variation in their class. Students can have some fun in playing the game and, while doing so, also learn the basics of writing formal specifications in the form of pre- and post-conditions. Unlike existing software engineering themed education games such as Pex and Code Defenders, FormalZ takes the deep gamifica","authors_text":"Craig Q.H.D. Leek, I.S.W.B. Prasetya, Jan van Bergen, Jelle J. Oostveen, J.M. Everink, Joris ten Tusscher, Mike de Vries, Orestis Melkonian, Petar Kostic, Rick Meijerink, Roan Oosenbrug, Thomas van der Klis, Tijmen van den Pol, Wink M. van Zon","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2019-03-01T14:54:15Z","title":"Having Fun in Learning Formal Specifications"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1903.00334","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:90ebeb0db480803ddef54b0a353ac4e44e7f6b405f21c8db3a6a3a44505a157f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:20Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"242e59444d5557fa2e6398fe6749697dacaf8ddd7971bdcf0c94433b0e76d3c5","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2019-03-01T14:54:15Z","title_canon_sha256":"ddbf8109a839f8690057e128370751772ef8dcc4c5f0456eb70ac376bf573644"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1903.00334","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"c21d94036ffaa1752d8d686985e06f4bc2a17b88ae6e20fe33cfe9dae0bfd774","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"c21d94036ffaa1752d8d686985e06f4bc2a17b88ae6e20fe33cfe9dae0bfd774","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:20.055986Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:20.055986Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"INCtRzBjVYs0bz7fyVjw40r1iH2iGPxKQjeW110kcXwj6GQlktlUYVofkv0Yg/SB37mqyXL1JtWpK+dMuBBhCA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:20.056751Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1903.00334","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:90ebeb0db480803ddef54b0a353ac4e44e7f6b405f21c8db3a6a3a44505a157f","sha256:66c2bb7124da068a879a6ee0d53df7652a0c386230180148e5d09b6a8d789852"],"state_sha256":"5c80b487a0b126ce429b1b0d08c74f4cd43878e6b91c9173db7d2ad6adfc9488"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ncSVIaR1DHz8dNJu26quyJ+yyLGdab+XVXS2tt3+hPq2xChE40DQ21YLCWsi+v+oeRfm/fkxC67yISywwkKjCA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T07:56:28.549631Z","bundle_sha256":"e2ce676e7b0cce57e8437d8982943e3847717bbc40faed7035de72acb12deb1e"}}