{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:YL26FEDOXHKQ72Q2TBVCJJTBPV","short_pith_number":"pith:YL26FEDO","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2004.03644","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2020-04-07T18:33:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"c5d0f63b4889480d8b706c28bde7d46bd0f00be78a4ee196d14bbc91c0ad2565","abstract_canon_sha256":"77e4652110f030b50b31c21ab34d3e8c10230e29852c8c56d5b96f4ac22e3eb8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c2f5e2906eb9d50fea1a986a24a6617d43703bcc29c5974b81bd3b41406bedf2","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2004.03644","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2004.03644","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2004.03644v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2004.03644","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"YL26FEDOXHKQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"YL26FEDOXHKQ72Q2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"YL26FEDO","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:YL26FEDOXHKQ72Q2TBVCJJTBPV","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2004.03644","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2020-04-07T18:33:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"c5d0f63b4889480d8b706c28bde7d46bd0f00be78a4ee196d14bbc91c0ad2565","abstract_canon_sha256":"77e4652110f030b50b31c21ab34d3e8c10230e29852c8c56d5b96f4ac22e3eb8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c2f5e2906eb9d50fea1a986a24a6617d43703bcc29c5974b81bd3b41406bedf2","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54.837041Z","signature_b64":"UMyRrl2E3wfq456DNDJa75c48OZrmXckcEQKxXAGl6kLhpyYvXEawr8IouN7M6QVOTnRHl4LQkG2ANujomJcCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"c2f5e2906eb9d50fea1a986a24a6617d43703bcc29c5974b81bd3b41406bedf2","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54.836663Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54.836663Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2004.03644","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"JjW9OsYLqgWkJtqRzJ7ls8cHwodxViWrEQw+NK2669hb6//aY+RF8TG3sHEV4M/nTBg0x4WWhxv3JES6nutQBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T13:23:51.774487Z"},"content_sha256":"dd4ae378000dff1eba56eb1d91385051b51c528684640bd28f68509ee8938c04","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:dd4ae378000dff1eba56eb1d91385051b51c528684640bd28f68509ee8938c04"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:YL26FEDOXHKQ72Q2TBVCJJTBPV","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Causal Relational Learning","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.DB","authors_text":"Babak Salimi, Dan Suciu, Harsh Parikh, Lise Getoor, Moe Kayali, Sudeepa Roy","submitted_at":"2020-04-07T18:33:05Z","abstract_excerpt":"Causal inference is at the heart of empirical research in natural and social sciences and is critical for scientific discovery and informed decision making. The gold standard in causal inference is performing randomized controlled trials; unfortunately these are not always feasible due to ethical, legal, or cost constraints. As an alternative, methodologies for causal inference from observational data have been developed in statistical studies and social sciences. However, existing methods critically rely on restrictive assumptions such as the study population consisting of homogeneous element"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2004.03644","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2004.03644/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Rsv1z54RBN3ESm/j6tbQgcx5a8AoRnTsmRJOh0Y1L9f0JmEgjFwZLbq2dt/aaEB3ZmPAdRF00EyUcx8ZUAelDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T13:23:51.775012Z"},"content_sha256":"dc50ba1394c4bc33e429904eec9c57bac853197f9c7ce9228aecb72a82449049","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:dc50ba1394c4bc33e429904eec9c57bac853197f9c7ce9228aecb72a82449049"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/YL26FEDOXHKQ72Q2TBVCJJTBPV/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/YL26FEDOXHKQ72Q2TBVCJJTBPV/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/YL26FEDOXHKQ72Q2TBVCJJTBPV/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-05T13:23:51Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/YL26FEDOXHKQ72Q2TBVCJJTBPV","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/YL26FEDOXHKQ72Q2TBVCJJTBPV/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/YL26FEDOXHKQ72Q2TBVCJJTBPV/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/YL26FEDOXHKQ72Q2TBVCJJTBPV/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:YL26FEDOXHKQ72Q2TBVCJJTBPV","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"77e4652110f030b50b31c21ab34d3e8c10230e29852c8c56d5b96f4ac22e3eb8","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2020-04-07T18:33:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"c5d0f63b4889480d8b706c28bde7d46bd0f00be78a4ee196d14bbc91c0ad2565"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2004.03644","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2004.03644","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2004.03644v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2004.03644","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"YL26FEDOXHKQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"YL26FEDOXHKQ72Q2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"YL26FEDO","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:dc50ba1394c4bc33e429904eec9c57bac853197f9c7ce9228aecb72a82449049","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2004.03644/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Causal inference is at the heart of empirical research in natural and social sciences and is critical for scientific discovery and informed decision making. The gold standard in causal inference is performing randomized controlled trials; unfortunately these are not always feasible due to ethical, legal, or cost constraints. As an alternative, methodologies for causal inference from observational data have been developed in statistical studies and social sciences. However, existing methods critically rely on restrictive assumptions such as the study population consisting of homogeneous element","authors_text":"Babak Salimi, Dan Suciu, Harsh Parikh, Lise Getoor, Moe Kayali, Sudeepa Roy","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2020-04-07T18:33:05Z","title":"Causal Relational Learning"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2004.03644","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:dd4ae378000dff1eba56eb1d91385051b51c528684640bd28f68509ee8938c04","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"77e4652110f030b50b31c21ab34d3e8c10230e29852c8c56d5b96f4ac22e3eb8","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2020-04-07T18:33:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"c5d0f63b4889480d8b706c28bde7d46bd0f00be78a4ee196d14bbc91c0ad2565"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2004.03644","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"c2f5e2906eb9d50fea1a986a24a6617d43703bcc29c5974b81bd3b41406bedf2","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"c2f5e2906eb9d50fea1a986a24a6617d43703bcc29c5974b81bd3b41406bedf2","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54.836663Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54.836663Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"UMyRrl2E3wfq456DNDJa75c48OZrmXckcEQKxXAGl6kLhpyYvXEawr8IouN7M6QVOTnRHl4LQkG2ANujomJcCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:54.837041Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2004.03644","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:dd4ae378000dff1eba56eb1d91385051b51c528684640bd28f68509ee8938c04","sha256:dc50ba1394c4bc33e429904eec9c57bac853197f9c7ce9228aecb72a82449049"],"state_sha256":"704d44063c06922ad0df89e2088411b447e43e0d367a8b9f1e8de3849b8e766f"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+EpOAbiQ3d4h+PJs4SLnaWPhcB4vf7s4vcoSgK8eCUhn0G6UiKvKxY9eP36vmZl3I4ei5vLQVlPiIVz0jiWQCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T13:23:51.779588Z","bundle_sha256":"7dea13f4a3fc59daf70173a09b692c08413e443880976cd6ff847325d6bccaa3"}}