{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:YPVO2YMPCNRG2ZKYRB7UA4LJTT","short_pith_number":"pith:YPVO2YMP","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1805.06308","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.gen-ph","submitted_at":"2018-05-15T04:57:44Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"8565b60cdf0176b364064f41327d8ee03e79991fa8b1e96a498d35aff50a8532","abstract_canon_sha256":"6ca64dd609e5206e3c4948c6ce1953f5742a2faeb7154e5deb5e7b8c6688de9a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c3eaed618f13626d6558887f4071699cdf06a12445fdf2dfe9424b995ecd7c3f","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1805.06308","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1805.06308","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1805.06308v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1805.06308","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"YPVO2YMPCNRG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"YPVO2YMPCNRG2ZKY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"YPVO2YMP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:04Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:YPVO2YMPCNRG2ZKYRB7UA4LJTT","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1805.06308","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.gen-ph","submitted_at":"2018-05-15T04:57:44Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"8565b60cdf0176b364064f41327d8ee03e79991fa8b1e96a498d35aff50a8532","abstract_canon_sha256":"6ca64dd609e5206e3c4948c6ce1953f5742a2faeb7154e5deb5e7b8c6688de9a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c3eaed618f13626d6558887f4071699cdf06a12445fdf2dfe9424b995ecd7c3f","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31.125289Z","signature_b64":"tbYhYB7zVIcWxtjBWH18QcPFr47na+YQWfj8NFESjM0Q/ciQDDDCwOJ4OhrIumcrnwvQ5keXvT4Vh7WeA7NpCA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"c3eaed618f13626d6558887f4071699cdf06a12445fdf2dfe9424b995ecd7c3f","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31.124811Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31.124811Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1805.06308","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IP7JVp6JfiwIxAQp28b0wR9PPYKHVU2colvJ+vIgNMuYoSSzK4/ef9E8Z6y8OoheopEpZhOSyPTs8eBF3A8iDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-09T10:31:49.917610Z"},"content_sha256":"198c69cf611edb902a53231952e2a91513f21046ca7140cbaf924729712c938a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:198c69cf611edb902a53231952e2a91513f21046ca7140cbaf924729712c938a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:YPVO2YMPCNRG2ZKYRB7UA4LJTT","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Does a standalone, \"cold\" (low-thermal-noise), linear resistor exist without cooling?","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.gen-ph","authors_text":"Jiaao Song, Laszlo B. Kish","submitted_at":"2018-05-15T04:57:44Z","abstract_excerpt":"Classical ways of cooling require some of these elements: phase transition, compressor, non-linearity, valve, and/or switch. A recent example is the 2018 patent of Linear Technology Corporation; they utilize the shot noise of a diode to produce a standalone nonlinear resistor that has T/2 noise temperature (about 150 Kelvin). While such \"resistor\" can cool its environment when it is AC coupled to a resistor, the thermally cooling effect is only academically interesting. The importance of the invention is of another nature: In low-noise electronics, it is essential to have resistors with low no"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1805.06308","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fZIM5iXfZk25LBq7Pwp6BNa6EfJx7zsBBtNTezNHDahoDGfYg0u8CvKEzXsQGVY4nM+8y0y2z/94TELIFLb7Cg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-09T10:31:49.918305Z"},"content_sha256":"774db6b47c8b87a8f54c96a4d253f70cc28a8d48fc2f89f904d3b351f14bdaab","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:774db6b47c8b87a8f54c96a4d253f70cc28a8d48fc2f89f904d3b351f14bdaab"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/YPVO2YMPCNRG2ZKYRB7UA4LJTT/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/YPVO2YMPCNRG2ZKYRB7UA4LJTT/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/YPVO2YMPCNRG2ZKYRB7UA4LJTT/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-09T10:31:49Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/YPVO2YMPCNRG2ZKYRB7UA4LJTT","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/YPVO2YMPCNRG2ZKYRB7UA4LJTT/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/YPVO2YMPCNRG2ZKYRB7UA4LJTT/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/YPVO2YMPCNRG2ZKYRB7UA4LJTT/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:YPVO2YMPCNRG2ZKYRB7UA4LJTT","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6ca64dd609e5206e3c4948c6ce1953f5742a2faeb7154e5deb5e7b8c6688de9a","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.gen-ph","submitted_at":"2018-05-15T04:57:44Z","title_canon_sha256":"8565b60cdf0176b364064f41327d8ee03e79991fa8b1e96a498d35aff50a8532"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1805.06308","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1805.06308","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1805.06308v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1805.06308","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"YPVO2YMPCNRG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"YPVO2YMPCNRG2ZKY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"YPVO2YMP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:04Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:774db6b47c8b87a8f54c96a4d253f70cc28a8d48fc2f89f904d3b351f14bdaab","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Classical ways of cooling require some of these elements: phase transition, compressor, non-linearity, valve, and/or switch. A recent example is the 2018 patent of Linear Technology Corporation; they utilize the shot noise of a diode to produce a standalone nonlinear resistor that has T/2 noise temperature (about 150 Kelvin). While such \"resistor\" can cool its environment when it is AC coupled to a resistor, the thermally cooling effect is only academically interesting. The importance of the invention is of another nature: In low-noise electronics, it is essential to have resistors with low no","authors_text":"Jiaao Song, Laszlo B. Kish","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.gen-ph","submitted_at":"2018-05-15T04:57:44Z","title":"Does a standalone, \"cold\" (low-thermal-noise), linear resistor exist without cooling?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1805.06308","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:198c69cf611edb902a53231952e2a91513f21046ca7140cbaf924729712c938a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6ca64dd609e5206e3c4948c6ce1953f5742a2faeb7154e5deb5e7b8c6688de9a","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.gen-ph","submitted_at":"2018-05-15T04:57:44Z","title_canon_sha256":"8565b60cdf0176b364064f41327d8ee03e79991fa8b1e96a498d35aff50a8532"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1805.06308","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"c3eaed618f13626d6558887f4071699cdf06a12445fdf2dfe9424b995ecd7c3f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"c3eaed618f13626d6558887f4071699cdf06a12445fdf2dfe9424b995ecd7c3f","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31.124811Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31.124811Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"tbYhYB7zVIcWxtjBWH18QcPFr47na+YQWfj8NFESjM0Q/ciQDDDCwOJ4OhrIumcrnwvQ5keXvT4Vh7WeA7NpCA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31.125289Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1805.06308","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:198c69cf611edb902a53231952e2a91513f21046ca7140cbaf924729712c938a","sha256:774db6b47c8b87a8f54c96a4d253f70cc28a8d48fc2f89f904d3b351f14bdaab"],"state_sha256":"9e57e54d647aeb2692091b84ca6026848aeed15a1975d0d48d7433144d7d0073"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Be4ZtkVoppHaV006AN+onBvy61mnd0cvTXKbS8hTxhFL+SWbBNmxakHbbU7A9LYX+oYuvEDZhx3RUBThwJdqAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-09T10:31:49.922275Z","bundle_sha256":"ac6a6e15caec768db4de35284b3ccfb2f8bdb1be0df7a930ad47f8d0a6e81d86"}}