{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:YRUJNHTSXQA5FA5GM4CQTDPLUP","short_pith_number":"pith:YRUJNHTS","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1609.03686","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2016-09-13T05:40:28Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"6429b841b0543933b1d1661097e8661d5b840bf1c90a51c09d5a2f7264fd3555","abstract_canon_sha256":"5eda78a0131c97d339570778464f604abca24946dcda49e8ee7b50e78abcd427"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c468969e72bc01d283a66705098deba3c926a76806e94b808b702572764205cd","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1609.03686","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1609.03686","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1609.03686v2","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1609.03686","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"YRUJNHTSXQA5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"YRUJNHTSXQA5FA5G","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"YRUJNHTS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:YRUJNHTSXQA5FA5GM4CQTDPLUP","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1609.03686","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2016-09-13T05:40:28Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"6429b841b0543933b1d1661097e8661d5b840bf1c90a51c09d5a2f7264fd3555","abstract_canon_sha256":"5eda78a0131c97d339570778464f604abca24946dcda49e8ee7b50e78abcd427"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c468969e72bc01d283a66705098deba3c926a76806e94b808b702572764205cd","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:34.478101Z","signature_b64":"JDPvN3iezy5xu7fFMn0KkPfdoxEtmqYe3347WvSk3qZeCX/0oEHPHWexJTOmEWHWyHfSsxYMKRzh/NDpuf2HCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"c468969e72bc01d283a66705098deba3c926a76806e94b808b702572764205cd","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:34.477746Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:34.477746Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1609.03686","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"l9n6WvmqlIJk+e861/cqWxjKTtx8PglFmEy8B7NOjc8EdSJnsyzDgBZDmAw4Kdrq8oC2itlcu3AqFPqaqkZ1Aw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-24T09:32:15.185967Z"},"content_sha256":"461c1388f09be880ae0d6449ac26226bb1fc5f76bd5a0e2087a85b36fe335707","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:461c1388f09be880ae0d6449ac26226bb1fc5f76bd5a0e2087a85b36fe335707"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:YRUJNHTSXQA5FA5GM4CQTDPLUP","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"New multivariate tests for assessing covariate balance in matched observational studies","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Dylan S. Small, Hao Chen","submitted_at":"2016-09-13T05:40:28Z","abstract_excerpt":"We propose new tests for assessing whether covariates in a treatment group and matched control group are balanced in observational studies. The tests exhibit high power under a wide range of multivariate alternatives, some of which existing tests have little power for. The asymptotic permutation null distributions of the proposed tests are studied and the p-values calculated through the asymptotic results work well in finite samples, facilitating the application of the test to large data sets. The tests are illustrated in a study of the effect of smoking on blood lead levels. The proposed test"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1609.03686","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+589NjM9By3kc6EQgkBti1k6IQjhBYhpNR8JNYaF9zygP5mS2hLR/HHgcfC8HFOTHSsufNGwULlziLY4f/67Aw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-24T09:32:15.186672Z"},"content_sha256":"acdae7ea652f3218f6ef289f9836f154c95d2ffa2b22fe3330e53b29e0d4be74","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:acdae7ea652f3218f6ef289f9836f154c95d2ffa2b22fe3330e53b29e0d4be74"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/YRUJNHTSXQA5FA5GM4CQTDPLUP/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/YRUJNHTSXQA5FA5GM4CQTDPLUP/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/YRUJNHTSXQA5FA5GM4CQTDPLUP/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-24T09:32:15Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/YRUJNHTSXQA5FA5GM4CQTDPLUP","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/YRUJNHTSXQA5FA5GM4CQTDPLUP/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/YRUJNHTSXQA5FA5GM4CQTDPLUP/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/YRUJNHTSXQA5FA5GM4CQTDPLUP/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:YRUJNHTSXQA5FA5GM4CQTDPLUP","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5eda78a0131c97d339570778464f604abca24946dcda49e8ee7b50e78abcd427","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2016-09-13T05:40:28Z","title_canon_sha256":"6429b841b0543933b1d1661097e8661d5b840bf1c90a51c09d5a2f7264fd3555"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1609.03686","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1609.03686","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1609.03686v2","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1609.03686","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"YRUJNHTSXQA5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"YRUJNHTSXQA5FA5G","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"YRUJNHTS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:acdae7ea652f3218f6ef289f9836f154c95d2ffa2b22fe3330e53b29e0d4be74","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We propose new tests for assessing whether covariates in a treatment group and matched control group are balanced in observational studies. The tests exhibit high power under a wide range of multivariate alternatives, some of which existing tests have little power for. The asymptotic permutation null distributions of the proposed tests are studied and the p-values calculated through the asymptotic results work well in finite samples, facilitating the application of the test to large data sets. The tests are illustrated in a study of the effect of smoking on blood lead levels. The proposed test","authors_text":"Dylan S. Small, Hao Chen","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2016-09-13T05:40:28Z","title":"New multivariate tests for assessing covariate balance in matched observational studies"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1609.03686","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:461c1388f09be880ae0d6449ac26226bb1fc5f76bd5a0e2087a85b36fe335707","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5eda78a0131c97d339570778464f604abca24946dcda49e8ee7b50e78abcd427","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2016-09-13T05:40:28Z","title_canon_sha256":"6429b841b0543933b1d1661097e8661d5b840bf1c90a51c09d5a2f7264fd3555"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1609.03686","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"c468969e72bc01d283a66705098deba3c926a76806e94b808b702572764205cd","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"c468969e72bc01d283a66705098deba3c926a76806e94b808b702572764205cd","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:34.477746Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:34.477746Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"JDPvN3iezy5xu7fFMn0KkPfdoxEtmqYe3347WvSk3qZeCX/0oEHPHWexJTOmEWHWyHfSsxYMKRzh/NDpuf2HCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:34.478101Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1609.03686","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:461c1388f09be880ae0d6449ac26226bb1fc5f76bd5a0e2087a85b36fe335707","sha256:acdae7ea652f3218f6ef289f9836f154c95d2ffa2b22fe3330e53b29e0d4be74"],"state_sha256":"0ded613d77123d3b982a046b1606ac277d9d9af65e7f8b800dcdb74c5250e607"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"lW8FF8mw0ICLtKuO+Y9e6QdKZx+a5knyBsmt94ZZNT6F1Ixb/sHCheOw6OTGpNIkrPZ6Ja1dVCCv8GWghuQ7Cg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-24T09:32:15.190139Z","bundle_sha256":"67c079932974dbe14ec0a8b9d71cef8b94793f80a5db33ce2119a59029672afc"}}