{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:YYPNM6BRKFQ5K3WTK3D3V6WCH7","short_pith_number":"pith:YYPNM6BR","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2005.04305","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-05-08T22:26:37Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"fb75b12d54ab627abf0d038e55cfe6cb8ac5a80354416050d0d20910280bdbb5","abstract_canon_sha256":"885fa052b82ba324e7c2f678b2aa791832f2a5456e81af14d034dde393a91cc9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c61ed678315161d56ed356c7bafac23ff365ba5fb4808f2a3397e1ac8a959237","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2005.04305","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2005.04305","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2005.04305v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2005.04305","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"YYPNM6BRKFQ5","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"YYPNM6BRKFQ5K3WT","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"YYPNM6BR","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:YYPNM6BRKFQ5K3WTK3D3V6WCH7","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2005.04305","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-05-08T22:26:37Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"fb75b12d54ab627abf0d038e55cfe6cb8ac5a80354416050d0d20910280bdbb5","abstract_canon_sha256":"885fa052b82ba324e7c2f678b2aa791832f2a5456e81af14d034dde393a91cc9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c61ed678315161d56ed356c7bafac23ff365ba5fb4808f2a3397e1ac8a959237","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42.594008Z","signature_b64":"LARluxoDPnCLfCfREYT6BGUsX2yCuaoXNMwyNB4HYsxLXfZJf3XFwBC5lWv8PpWgL7V2nSRGnqFoF+P5sG9NAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"c61ed678315161d56ed356c7bafac23ff365ba5fb4808f2a3397e1ac8a959237","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42.593497Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42.593497Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2005.04305","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IEYGRXMs9ylIrx2IH4bpmjC3j4iGg1XV/vtwgEFJM1bDDYErgNbgzG2Yk0xyyUKtWDCuZ0U3Jsi1w5RQkfeIDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T06:16:39.563421Z"},"content_sha256":"c19df33b71f37a5e0c13f52e9a75e55144cc9df694a94c1c2a740cd32fdf993c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c19df33b71f37a5e0c13f52e9a75e55144cc9df694a94c1c2a740cd32fdf993c"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:YYPNM6BRKFQ5K3WTK3D3V6WCH7","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Measuring the Algorithmic Efficiency of Neural Networks","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CV","stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Danny Hernandez, Tom B. Brown","submitted_at":"2020-05-08T22:26:37Z","abstract_excerpt":"Three factors drive the advance of AI: algorithmic innovation, data, and the amount of compute available for training. Algorithmic progress has traditionally been more difficult to quantify than compute and data. In this work, we argue that algorithmic progress has an aspect that is both straightforward to measure and interesting: reductions over time in the compute needed to reach past capabilities. We show that the number of floating-point operations required to train a classifier to AlexNet-level performance on ImageNet has decreased by a factor of 44x between 2012 and 2019. This correspond"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2005.04305","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2005.04305/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"1tsfWEvNXCLvmD1FhaNQE97hBJEe92MiQTDYfbmV9bHIpjqxx7xu1A0uQQ3XbOaTRybT/7hPGO56AvB1bE/wDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T06:16:39.563919Z"},"content_sha256":"afbdfe9d4f648593da56981da54a4e062d2a0f837d02542f68069e047d6ec6fc","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:afbdfe9d4f648593da56981da54a4e062d2a0f837d02542f68069e047d6ec6fc"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/YYPNM6BRKFQ5K3WTK3D3V6WCH7/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/YYPNM6BRKFQ5K3WTK3D3V6WCH7/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/YYPNM6BRKFQ5K3WTK3D3V6WCH7/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-17T06:16:39Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/YYPNM6BRKFQ5K3WTK3D3V6WCH7","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/YYPNM6BRKFQ5K3WTK3D3V6WCH7/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/YYPNM6BRKFQ5K3WTK3D3V6WCH7/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/YYPNM6BRKFQ5K3WTK3D3V6WCH7/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:YYPNM6BRKFQ5K3WTK3D3V6WCH7","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"885fa052b82ba324e7c2f678b2aa791832f2a5456e81af14d034dde393a91cc9","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-05-08T22:26:37Z","title_canon_sha256":"fb75b12d54ab627abf0d038e55cfe6cb8ac5a80354416050d0d20910280bdbb5"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2005.04305","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2005.04305","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2005.04305v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2005.04305","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"YYPNM6BRKFQ5","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"YYPNM6BRKFQ5K3WT","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"YYPNM6BR","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:afbdfe9d4f648593da56981da54a4e062d2a0f837d02542f68069e047d6ec6fc","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2005.04305/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Three factors drive the advance of AI: algorithmic innovation, data, and the amount of compute available for training. Algorithmic progress has traditionally been more difficult to quantify than compute and data. In this work, we argue that algorithmic progress has an aspect that is both straightforward to measure and interesting: reductions over time in the compute needed to reach past capabilities. We show that the number of floating-point operations required to train a classifier to AlexNet-level performance on ImageNet has decreased by a factor of 44x between 2012 and 2019. This correspond","authors_text":"Danny Hernandez, Tom B. Brown","cross_cats":["cs.CV","stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-05-08T22:26:37Z","title":"Measuring the Algorithmic Efficiency of Neural Networks"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2005.04305","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:c19df33b71f37a5e0c13f52e9a75e55144cc9df694a94c1c2a740cd32fdf993c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"885fa052b82ba324e7c2f678b2aa791832f2a5456e81af14d034dde393a91cc9","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-05-08T22:26:37Z","title_canon_sha256":"fb75b12d54ab627abf0d038e55cfe6cb8ac5a80354416050d0d20910280bdbb5"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2005.04305","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"c61ed678315161d56ed356c7bafac23ff365ba5fb4808f2a3397e1ac8a959237","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"c61ed678315161d56ed356c7bafac23ff365ba5fb4808f2a3397e1ac8a959237","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42.593497Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42.593497Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"LARluxoDPnCLfCfREYT6BGUsX2yCuaoXNMwyNB4HYsxLXfZJf3XFwBC5lWv8PpWgL7V2nSRGnqFoF+P5sG9NAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:01:42.594008Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2005.04305","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:c19df33b71f37a5e0c13f52e9a75e55144cc9df694a94c1c2a740cd32fdf993c","sha256:afbdfe9d4f648593da56981da54a4e062d2a0f837d02542f68069e047d6ec6fc"],"state_sha256":"8b7bf8b50c043d6e66789df8452f94caaee783ad357c8f4199456ae6a2f34e54"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rh9SpUOrHsXk4W7CGqY0El1qxaKhsTYxWUXcPke083ZsPAcZ38gIPzuHj29Sb+HjH9u1Znp07rsC1ILTMYF1Bg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T06:16:39.568065Z","bundle_sha256":"22165b86e7109d52b31ec14bf300d4e6bbf076085158c3642e3efe5b3ab064b2"}}