{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2013:YZBHQDSG2ORRIU6HGOA4UEHKVO","short_pith_number":"pith:YZBHQDSG","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1302.4595","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.RM","submitted_at":"2013-02-19T12:58:26Z","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.GN"],"title_canon_sha256":"eddea403cb0a4cb759997f2ea1f99b4a52f66fccd421bbbc083b2494e10607ea","abstract_canon_sha256":"727e037cb2ddfe1a4ab757156ee1ec9ecc15d4a772ef966728559b13ece7a32e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c642780e46d3a31453c73381ca10eaaba4c2e1a4210211a80e76c781e9d701c6","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1302.4595","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1302.4595","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1302.4595v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1302.4595","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"YZBHQDSG2ORR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"YZBHQDSG2ORRIU6H","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"YZBHQDSG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:09Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2013:YZBHQDSG2ORRIU6HGOA4UEHKVO","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1302.4595","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.RM","submitted_at":"2013-02-19T12:58:26Z","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.GN"],"title_canon_sha256":"eddea403cb0a4cb759997f2ea1f99b4a52f66fccd421bbbc083b2494e10607ea","abstract_canon_sha256":"727e037cb2ddfe1a4ab757156ee1ec9ecc15d4a772ef966728559b13ece7a32e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c642780e46d3a31453c73381ca10eaaba4c2e1a4210211a80e76c781e9d701c6","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:12.816366Z","signature_b64":"z1ZMTXtjCl8AmSY+qpQ+epXLZ09Kd1HbT5CjdlYU506MRfHv5F1XX0OUJuwzcjPytKglGlF6NeY0M7wak/6hBg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"c642780e46d3a31453c73381ca10eaaba4c2e1a4210211a80e76c781e9d701c6","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:12.815438Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:12.815438Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1302.4595","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:12Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Hw0l/6M2mgKQTZt7NqYwRX+pWYNuxUe4THmSXKSGbfEjQJPS9Rf+0XUqUYRjdCPUMirpIpqpXEpVSOXKSGCNBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-04T19:34:20.230434Z"},"content_sha256":"e43bbb72d6369ba30adf8ac512aee25b14eb1809c3d793f3b375e885660ba0b3","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e43bbb72d6369ba30adf8ac512aee25b14eb1809c3d793f3b375e885660ba0b3"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2013:YZBHQDSG2ORRIU6HGOA4UEHKVO","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Collateral-Enhanced Default Risk","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["q-fin.GN"],"primary_cat":"q-fin.RM","authors_text":"Andrew Green, Chris Kenyon","submitted_at":"2013-02-19T12:58:26Z","abstract_excerpt":"Changes in collateralization have been implicated in significant default (or near-default) events during the financial crisis, most notably with AIG. We have developed a framework for quantifying this effect based on moving between Merton-type and Black-Cox-type structural default models. Our framework leads to a single equation that emcompasses the range of possibilities, including collateralization remargining frequency (i.e. discrete observations). We show that increases in collateralization, by exposing entities to daily mark-to-market volatility, enhance default probability. This quantifi"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1302.4595","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:12Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Ews5hFF/0l/DsCCsWU4b9OJ53DJ0UWKdWqj8dx7WynRTv95X5Sq/XUxD25TtRoD++LYw1sMXnNYQnZqeVz+zDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-04T19:34:20.230814Z"},"content_sha256":"06b1717ef454e7e580a901a240987804cd5e661302685e0fb022dbdfc38f590d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:06b1717ef454e7e580a901a240987804cd5e661302685e0fb022dbdfc38f590d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/YZBHQDSG2ORRIU6HGOA4UEHKVO/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/YZBHQDSG2ORRIU6HGOA4UEHKVO/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/YZBHQDSG2ORRIU6HGOA4UEHKVO/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-04T19:34:20Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/YZBHQDSG2ORRIU6HGOA4UEHKVO","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/YZBHQDSG2ORRIU6HGOA4UEHKVO/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/YZBHQDSG2ORRIU6HGOA4UEHKVO/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/YZBHQDSG2ORRIU6HGOA4UEHKVO/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2013:YZBHQDSG2ORRIU6HGOA4UEHKVO","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"727e037cb2ddfe1a4ab757156ee1ec9ecc15d4a772ef966728559b13ece7a32e","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.GN"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.RM","submitted_at":"2013-02-19T12:58:26Z","title_canon_sha256":"eddea403cb0a4cb759997f2ea1f99b4a52f66fccd421bbbc083b2494e10607ea"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1302.4595","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1302.4595","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1302.4595v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1302.4595","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"YZBHQDSG2ORR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"YZBHQDSG2ORRIU6H","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"YZBHQDSG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:09Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:06b1717ef454e7e580a901a240987804cd5e661302685e0fb022dbdfc38f590d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:12Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Changes in collateralization have been implicated in significant default (or near-default) events during the financial crisis, most notably with AIG. We have developed a framework for quantifying this effect based on moving between Merton-type and Black-Cox-type structural default models. Our framework leads to a single equation that emcompasses the range of possibilities, including collateralization remargining frequency (i.e. discrete observations). We show that increases in collateralization, by exposing entities to daily mark-to-market volatility, enhance default probability. This quantifi","authors_text":"Andrew Green, Chris Kenyon","cross_cats":["q-fin.GN"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.RM","submitted_at":"2013-02-19T12:58:26Z","title":"Collateral-Enhanced Default Risk"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1302.4595","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e43bbb72d6369ba30adf8ac512aee25b14eb1809c3d793f3b375e885660ba0b3","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:12Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"727e037cb2ddfe1a4ab757156ee1ec9ecc15d4a772ef966728559b13ece7a32e","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.GN"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.RM","submitted_at":"2013-02-19T12:58:26Z","title_canon_sha256":"eddea403cb0a4cb759997f2ea1f99b4a52f66fccd421bbbc083b2494e10607ea"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1302.4595","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"c642780e46d3a31453c73381ca10eaaba4c2e1a4210211a80e76c781e9d701c6","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"c642780e46d3a31453c73381ca10eaaba4c2e1a4210211a80e76c781e9d701c6","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:12.815438Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:12.815438Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"z1ZMTXtjCl8AmSY+qpQ+epXLZ09Kd1HbT5CjdlYU506MRfHv5F1XX0OUJuwzcjPytKglGlF6NeY0M7wak/6hBg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:12.816366Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1302.4595","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e43bbb72d6369ba30adf8ac512aee25b14eb1809c3d793f3b375e885660ba0b3","sha256:06b1717ef454e7e580a901a240987804cd5e661302685e0fb022dbdfc38f590d"],"state_sha256":"e1226bb880e795b0cd3cdaafd8efa4b7a06d59c700e1d1bc6965a7095b8102f8"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"jURJ3cfBdN+8x88PMckyzTYP+HTKxl1qzTkl349kmJsOah0woQG4t2lJ/vQKBQlBQI+gpdUsrFw5smLaDy3aBw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-04T19:34:20.233128Z","bundle_sha256":"bb66f69de40ecd570e3466f5cf52591bd7e0f10965ae5336fad15fd1d5c6779b"}}