{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:Z442NQ3JZI7BXLCJSFBRBR7ZAC","short_pith_number":"pith:Z442NQ3J","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.27265","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2026-05-26T16:42:07Z","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC","stat.AP","stat.ME"],"title_canon_sha256":"fe0427e7dea3d0c59fb6f575f978fc0b5a1d64b5bb6b3b09508059de2169a7ff","abstract_canon_sha256":"483eb54c4711808dc694d5ca8ccbe22f7cd114d2f2094b48cfe704427eeb7713"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"cf39a6c369ca3e1bac49914310c7f900ab4aa0e031d4ac5f183ea10624736e0d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2605.27265","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.27265","created_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.27265v1","created_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.27265","created_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"Z442NQ3JZI7B","created_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"Z442NQ3JZI7BXLCJ","created_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"Z442NQ3J","created_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:Z442NQ3JZI7BXLCJSFBRBR7ZAC","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.27265","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2026-05-26T16:42:07Z","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC","stat.AP","stat.ME"],"title_canon_sha256":"fe0427e7dea3d0c59fb6f575f978fc0b5a1d64b5bb6b3b09508059de2169a7ff","abstract_canon_sha256":"483eb54c4711808dc694d5ca8ccbe22f7cd114d2f2094b48cfe704427eeb7713"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"cf39a6c369ca3e1bac49914310c7f900ab4aa0e031d4ac5f183ea10624736e0d","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09.018768Z","signature_b64":"2UePdyW+bz92LjtjISWiwBBDQHWhpppGtqZCJjzNMWJf8wbr8Eu0X+z6IJU9ViU4yY4o/LvtRb6qW3UCin1yDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"cf39a6c369ca3e1bac49914310c7f900ab4aa0e031d4ac5f183ea10624736e0d","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09.018152Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09.018152Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2605.27265","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"yTHEn7SFVulurDrHa63eRo0+AJRNo4KcbcYgzTNHFmMPCfOMlCtLeYEj2LXBXSUq6QrKX0BX006CZ/P2HdYBAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T20:47:19.079504Z"},"content_sha256":"ddf033089137ecd89de8a998cffc9b2a59ef256861e8ee24ef686559021bec70","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ddf033089137ecd89de8a998cffc9b2a59ef256861e8ee24ef686559021bec70"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:Z442NQ3JZI7BXLCJSFBRBR7ZAC","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Quantifying Social Inflation in Liability Insurance with Advanced Statistical Methods","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["q-fin.EC","stat.AP","stat.ME"],"primary_cat":"econ.GN","authors_text":"Fang Yang, Liang Peng, Lie Ma, Tsz Chai Fung","submitted_at":"2026-05-26T16:42:07Z","abstract_excerpt":"Social inflation, which is the rise in liability claim costs beyond general economic inflation, has become a major concern for insurers and reinsurers, yet it is difficult to quantify because litigation outcomes are heavy-tailed and the mix of cases reaching verdict versus settlement changes over time. Using a large database of US jury verdicts and settlements, we develop case-mix-adjusted social inflation measures through multiple channels that matter to reinsurers: plaintiff win rates (a frequency-type channel), settlement propensity (a frequency-type channel), and verdict/settlement severit"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2605.27265","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.27265/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"U1c8ntzOn4JAByNbZ4IwKkjgaOqBw7ic/JlSK3Di8k1YKv/JJI1t097QiUToLdYHgvrmR9UjNbl5UvT23sIsAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T20:47:19.080253Z"},"content_sha256":"cd3347f5207679673a1fc20533404fb3bfaf9639453dfd170fb5930bd08d5128","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:cd3347f5207679673a1fc20533404fb3bfaf9639453dfd170fb5930bd08d5128"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/Z442NQ3JZI7BXLCJSFBRBR7ZAC/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/Z442NQ3JZI7BXLCJSFBRBR7ZAC/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/Z442NQ3JZI7BXLCJSFBRBR7ZAC/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-02T20:47:19Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/Z442NQ3JZI7BXLCJSFBRBR7ZAC","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/Z442NQ3JZI7BXLCJSFBRBR7ZAC/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/Z442NQ3JZI7BXLCJSFBRBR7ZAC/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/Z442NQ3JZI7BXLCJSFBRBR7ZAC/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:Z442NQ3JZI7BXLCJSFBRBR7ZAC","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"483eb54c4711808dc694d5ca8ccbe22f7cd114d2f2094b48cfe704427eeb7713","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC","stat.AP","stat.ME"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2026-05-26T16:42:07Z","title_canon_sha256":"fe0427e7dea3d0c59fb6f575f978fc0b5a1d64b5bb6b3b09508059de2169a7ff"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.27265","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.27265","created_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.27265v1","created_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.27265","created_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"Z442NQ3JZI7B","created_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"Z442NQ3JZI7BXLCJ","created_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"Z442NQ3J","created_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:cd3347f5207679673a1fc20533404fb3bfaf9639453dfd170fb5930bd08d5128","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2605.27265/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Social inflation, which is the rise in liability claim costs beyond general economic inflation, has become a major concern for insurers and reinsurers, yet it is difficult to quantify because litigation outcomes are heavy-tailed and the mix of cases reaching verdict versus settlement changes over time. Using a large database of US jury verdicts and settlements, we develop case-mix-adjusted social inflation measures through multiple channels that matter to reinsurers: plaintiff win rates (a frequency-type channel), settlement propensity (a frequency-type channel), and verdict/settlement severit","authors_text":"Fang Yang, Liang Peng, Lie Ma, Tsz Chai Fung","cross_cats":["q-fin.EC","stat.AP","stat.ME"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2026-05-26T16:42:07Z","title":"Quantifying Social Inflation in Liability Insurance with Advanced Statistical Methods"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2605.27265","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ddf033089137ecd89de8a998cffc9b2a59ef256861e8ee24ef686559021bec70","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"483eb54c4711808dc694d5ca8ccbe22f7cd114d2f2094b48cfe704427eeb7713","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC","stat.AP","stat.ME"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2026-05-26T16:42:07Z","title_canon_sha256":"fe0427e7dea3d0c59fb6f575f978fc0b5a1d64b5bb6b3b09508059de2169a7ff"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.27265","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"cf39a6c369ca3e1bac49914310c7f900ab4aa0e031d4ac5f183ea10624736e0d","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"cf39a6c369ca3e1bac49914310c7f900ab4aa0e031d4ac5f183ea10624736e0d","first_computed_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09.018152Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09.018152Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"2UePdyW+bz92LjtjISWiwBBDQHWhpppGtqZCJjzNMWJf8wbr8Eu0X+z6IJU9ViU4yY4o/LvtRb6qW3UCin1yDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-27T02:06:09.018768Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2605.27265","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ddf033089137ecd89de8a998cffc9b2a59ef256861e8ee24ef686559021bec70","sha256:cd3347f5207679673a1fc20533404fb3bfaf9639453dfd170fb5930bd08d5128"],"state_sha256":"af72583a0d3dee07b35437ce8f4afff0e2383d2ee3c4d7a18ff825de519109c9"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ajwDko9QEukFdCDEOTW6fsGbL6YG5v+FlD+3vzJVgY45cqAUV44kgy3wzgyqyfrVEVNKqhlSgnzUcZoGszfEBA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T20:47:19.083417Z","bundle_sha256":"ae9444c62d3d9388ba1ac81dae08a7c5aad560236b4b49c4ae0c49ec866d2ad3"}}