{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:ZCIU2UL5QVJWY23ZOCDV2RBKEC","short_pith_number":"pith:ZCIU2UL5","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1609.08764","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2016-09-28T04:37:32Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"8db66537f1c5d353874c6d8bb861525625b4c6b9cfe6396b5fc5194797ce9792","abstract_canon_sha256":"f81605610447388a93a71759affcf871487b3057e8f209ba2679c07d8bd99fa0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c8914d517d85536c6b7970875d442a20819406258c6910c591a22fd8eb9d6433","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1609.08764","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1609.08764","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1609.08764v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1609.08764","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ZCIU2UL5QVJW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ZCIU2UL5QVJWY23Z","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ZCIU2UL5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:ZCIU2UL5QVJWY23ZOCDV2RBKEC","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1609.08764","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2016-09-28T04:37:32Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"8db66537f1c5d353874c6d8bb861525625b4c6b9cfe6396b5fc5194797ce9792","abstract_canon_sha256":"f81605610447388a93a71759affcf871487b3057e8f209ba2679c07d8bd99fa0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c8914d517d85536c6b7970875d442a20819406258c6910c591a22fd8eb9d6433","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:37.563536Z","signature_b64":"gz3TgnER+zg8ncK9p0dTgwSvwPmZni47XgY+dPWqDkK12z9hM22JX0QZDF51RwCdxOMGPbHUFUrEJkFqqHdjCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"c8914d517d85536c6b7970875d442a20819406258c6910c591a22fd8eb9d6433","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:37.562784Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:37.562784Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1609.08764","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:37Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mk+OoC5rWV2dP04mKJh0a2SCqa8VspcZyO6+2nUqJdnumRnCU0wNyI/gL9xZvRIS6gKKO1c/Ej4uDpLJitVJCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T01:32:34.934273Z"},"content_sha256":"b29ef52096be43205134094601d2f3cc28c9db4476b9399cda174d23c782f6fc","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b29ef52096be43205134094601d2f3cc28c9db4476b9399cda174d23c782f6fc"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:ZCIU2UL5QVJWY23ZOCDV2RBKEC","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Understanding data augmentation for classification: when to warp?","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CV","authors_text":"Adam Gatt, Mark D. McDonnell, Sebastien C. Wong, Victor Stamatescu","submitted_at":"2016-09-28T04:37:32Z","abstract_excerpt":"In this paper we investigate the benefit of augmenting data with synthetically created samples when training a machine learning classifier. Two approaches for creating additional training samples are data warping, which generates additional samples through transformations applied in the data-space, and synthetic over-sampling, which creates additional samples in feature-space. We experimentally evaluate the benefits of data augmentation for a convolutional backpropagation-trained neural network, a convolutional support vector machine and a convolutional extreme learning machine classifier, usi"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1609.08764","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:37Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"w65kdcv18oMg0Gq2hq5BnLpPE6Iw4BaqVoGs88O5NSo3Bfx4zmQ4zGrncm3oeZMcYgReBw3OOIhFK0jjc6+QCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T01:32:34.934917Z"},"content_sha256":"81a53b8ba1a3138a7eb0862171ef0d6a528f34f45d13fb4aa1864f5a2abc99b7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:81a53b8ba1a3138a7eb0862171ef0d6a528f34f45d13fb4aa1864f5a2abc99b7"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCIU2UL5QVJWY23ZOCDV2RBKEC/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCIU2UL5QVJWY23ZOCDV2RBKEC/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ZCIU2UL5QVJWY23ZOCDV2RBKEC/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-01T01:32:34Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCIU2UL5QVJWY23ZOCDV2RBKEC","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCIU2UL5QVJWY23ZOCDV2RBKEC/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCIU2UL5QVJWY23ZOCDV2RBKEC/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ZCIU2UL5QVJWY23ZOCDV2RBKEC/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:ZCIU2UL5QVJWY23ZOCDV2RBKEC","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f81605610447388a93a71759affcf871487b3057e8f209ba2679c07d8bd99fa0","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2016-09-28T04:37:32Z","title_canon_sha256":"8db66537f1c5d353874c6d8bb861525625b4c6b9cfe6396b5fc5194797ce9792"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1609.08764","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1609.08764","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1609.08764v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1609.08764","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ZCIU2UL5QVJW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ZCIU2UL5QVJWY23Z","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ZCIU2UL5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:53Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:81a53b8ba1a3138a7eb0862171ef0d6a528f34f45d13fb4aa1864f5a2abc99b7","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:37Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In this paper we investigate the benefit of augmenting data with synthetically created samples when training a machine learning classifier. Two approaches for creating additional training samples are data warping, which generates additional samples through transformations applied in the data-space, and synthetic over-sampling, which creates additional samples in feature-space. We experimentally evaluate the benefits of data augmentation for a convolutional backpropagation-trained neural network, a convolutional support vector machine and a convolutional extreme learning machine classifier, usi","authors_text":"Adam Gatt, Mark D. McDonnell, Sebastien C. Wong, Victor Stamatescu","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2016-09-28T04:37:32Z","title":"Understanding data augmentation for classification: when to warp?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1609.08764","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:b29ef52096be43205134094601d2f3cc28c9db4476b9399cda174d23c782f6fc","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:37Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f81605610447388a93a71759affcf871487b3057e8f209ba2679c07d8bd99fa0","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2016-09-28T04:37:32Z","title_canon_sha256":"8db66537f1c5d353874c6d8bb861525625b4c6b9cfe6396b5fc5194797ce9792"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1609.08764","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"c8914d517d85536c6b7970875d442a20819406258c6910c591a22fd8eb9d6433","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"c8914d517d85536c6b7970875d442a20819406258c6910c591a22fd8eb9d6433","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:37.562784Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:37.562784Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"gz3TgnER+zg8ncK9p0dTgwSvwPmZni47XgY+dPWqDkK12z9hM22JX0QZDF51RwCdxOMGPbHUFUrEJkFqqHdjCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:37.563536Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1609.08764","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:b29ef52096be43205134094601d2f3cc28c9db4476b9399cda174d23c782f6fc","sha256:81a53b8ba1a3138a7eb0862171ef0d6a528f34f45d13fb4aa1864f5a2abc99b7"],"state_sha256":"02349b0e3f1032a58b36e87d0c7f5b6d2bdc0102f68e4f00d7b13e3c2c45be54"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"1jwfbNkI74K520Isj4PS8OhmsoIOCJ35JHr7s8k5xs/BEmbVio1MPiROru81K3wVDe9CaZ3vIY6IOuGs9RFzAA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T01:32:34.938139Z","bundle_sha256":"9b9cc222268cd8ad6223d98799abb0e0bdc1ef36f20bba8732972366e5a189d3"}}