{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2014:ZCMZ64XIY6HOGC3N74PTQZ5E5L","short_pith_number":"pith:ZCMZ64XI","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"c8999f72e8c78ee30b6dff1f3867a4eac09db37760afc43928c6ec2fcfa4c4cc","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1406.3386","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Mixing by microorganisms in stratified fluids","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Eric Lauga, Gregory L. Wagner, William R. Young","submitted_at":"2014-06-12T22:54:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"We examine the vertical mixing induced by the swimming of microorganisms at low Reynolds and P\\'eclet numbers in a stably stratified ocean, and show that the global contribution of oceanic microswimmers to vertical mixing is negligible. We propose two approaches to estimating the mixing efficiency, $\\eta$, or the ratio of the rate of potential energy creation to the total rate-of-working on the ocean by microswimmers. The first is based on scaling arguments and estimates $\\eta$ in terms of the ratio between the typical organism size, $a$, and an intrinsic length scale for the stratified flow, "},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1406.3386","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2014-06-12T22:54:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"ea85283f4c2952785b1133b1c3ba871d4ba023603f390e045d125d5e8f9d3b3f","abstract_canon_sha256":"67d52a9a28289057c4b506f96f36dfae2fdec0e8659d4c4a511f83271206cf92"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:46.804557Z","signature_b64":"k3zbKdkfaiX+vo3+jJpqGehjOMjwtC1xNeCQgoowoq4rlFVTm6VTpsqE3BmDbaQ6kDAZ0slHdsSg2kGyGmsmBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"c8999f72e8c78ee30b6dff1f3867a4eac09db37760afc43928c6ec2fcfa4c4cc","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:46.804105Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:46.804105Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Mixing by microorganisms in stratified fluids","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Eric Lauga, Gregory L. Wagner, William R. Young","submitted_at":"2014-06-12T22:54:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"We examine the vertical mixing induced by the swimming of microorganisms at low Reynolds and P\\'eclet numbers in a stably stratified ocean, and show that the global contribution of oceanic microswimmers to vertical mixing is negligible. We propose two approaches to estimating the mixing efficiency, $\\eta$, or the ratio of the rate of potential energy creation to the total rate-of-working on the ocean by microswimmers. The first is based on scaling arguments and estimates $\\eta$ in terms of the ratio between the typical organism size, $a$, and an intrinsic length scale for the stratified flow, "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1406.3386","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1406.3386","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:46.804164+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1406.3386v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:46.804164+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1406.3386","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:46.804164+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ZCMZ64XIY6HO","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:59.999130+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ZCMZ64XIY6HOGC3N","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:59.999130+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ZCMZ64XI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:59.999130+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCMZ64XIY6HOGC3N74PTQZ5E5L","json":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCMZ64XIY6HOGC3N74PTQZ5E5L.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/ZCMZ64XIY6HOGC3N74PTQZ5E5L/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/ZCMZ64XIY6HOGC3N74PTQZ5E5L/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/ZCMZ64XI"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCMZ64XIY6HOGC3N74PTQZ5E5L","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCMZ64XIY6HOGC3N74PTQZ5E5L.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/ZCMZ64XI","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1406.3386&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/ZCMZ64XIY6HOGC3N74PTQZ5E5L/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/ZCMZ64XIY6HOGC3N74PTQZ5E5L/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCMZ64XIY6HOGC3N74PTQZ5E5L/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCMZ64XIY6HOGC3N74PTQZ5E5L/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCMZ64XIY6HOGC3N74PTQZ5E5L/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCMZ64XIY6HOGC3N74PTQZ5E5L/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCMZ64XIY6HOGC3N74PTQZ5E5L/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:46.804164+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:46.804164+00:00"}