{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2021:ZCZ6NFT72VXSBCCEQKTQ5KOR2E","short_pith_number":"pith:ZCZ6NFT7","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"c8b3e6967fd56f20884482a70ea9d1d121946012a8c18fdbf07fe6a70ac14cbb","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2107.03190","version":2},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Nested Counterfactual Identification from Arbitrary Surrogate Experiments","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"primary_cat":"cs.AI","authors_text":"Elias Bareinboim, Juan D Correa, Sanghack Lee","submitted_at":"2021-07-07T12:51:04Z","abstract_excerpt":"The Ladder of Causation describes three qualitatively different types of activities an agent may be interested in engaging in, namely, seeing (observational), doing (interventional), and imagining (counterfactual) (Pearl and Mackenzie, 2018). The inferential challenge imposed by the causal hierarchy is that data is collected by an agent observing or intervening in a system (layers 1 and 2), while its goal may be to understand what would have happened had it taken a different course of action, contrary to what factually ended up happening (layer 3). While there exists a solid understanding of t"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2107.03190","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2021-07-07T12:51:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"title_canon_sha256":"0a1345803c766c8645607b402411102924743b71596d8fc99f469b74fe165846","abstract_canon_sha256":"fc7fe90ed0d44297c5b08b1926b8ef68ff3b5d6fadec2fee8a449be8fb2f4ec0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:13:31.059578Z","signature_b64":"ZhUunVtZbodb3XQD6tBbqthgGAAhZ03jkypvmvekhfwP5Y/NQd+UyvfFeAjp0x/iWY6VHTpcrpSqlwFjboHHDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"c8b3e6967fd56f20884482a70ea9d1d121946012a8c18fdbf07fe6a70ac14cbb","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:13:31.059169Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:13:31.059169Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Nested Counterfactual Identification from Arbitrary Surrogate Experiments","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"primary_cat":"cs.AI","authors_text":"Elias Bareinboim, Juan D Correa, Sanghack Lee","submitted_at":"2021-07-07T12:51:04Z","abstract_excerpt":"The Ladder of Causation describes three qualitatively different types of activities an agent may be interested in engaging in, namely, seeing (observational), doing (interventional), and imagining (counterfactual) (Pearl and Mackenzie, 2018). The inferential challenge imposed by the causal hierarchy is that data is collected by an agent observing or intervening in a system (layers 1 and 2), while its goal may be to understand what would have happened had it taken a different course of action, contrary to what factually ended up happening (layer 3). While there exists a solid understanding of t"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2107.03190","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2107.03190/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2107.03190","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:13:31.059227+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2107.03190v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:13:31.059227+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2107.03190","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:13:31.059227+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ZCZ6NFT72VXS","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:13:31.059227+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ZCZ6NFT72VXSBCCE","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:13:31.059227+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ZCZ6NFT7","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:13:31.059227+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":1,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[{"citing_arxiv_id":"2605.02475","citing_title":"Shadow-Loom: Causal Reasoning over Graphical World Models of Narratives","ref_index":3,"is_internal_anchor":false}]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCZ6NFT72VXSBCCEQKTQ5KOR2E","json":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCZ6NFT72VXSBCCEQKTQ5KOR2E.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/ZCZ6NFT72VXSBCCEQKTQ5KOR2E/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/ZCZ6NFT72VXSBCCEQKTQ5KOR2E/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/ZCZ6NFT7"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCZ6NFT72VXSBCCEQKTQ5KOR2E","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCZ6NFT72VXSBCCEQKTQ5KOR2E.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/ZCZ6NFT7","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2107.03190&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/ZCZ6NFT72VXSBCCEQKTQ5KOR2E/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/ZCZ6NFT72VXSBCCEQKTQ5KOR2E/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCZ6NFT72VXSBCCEQKTQ5KOR2E/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCZ6NFT72VXSBCCEQKTQ5KOR2E/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCZ6NFT72VXSBCCEQKTQ5KOR2E/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCZ6NFT72VXSBCCEQKTQ5KOR2E/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/ZCZ6NFT72VXSBCCEQKTQ5KOR2E/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:13:31.059227+00:00","updated_at":"2026-07-05T03:13:31.059227+00:00"}