{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:ZT2PSDAW2YAMPUUNX6LBLNXAEC","short_pith_number":"pith:ZT2PSDAW","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.24545","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-05-23T12:25:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"eeadaefc8b6c645c37c9261e74fbc5dc5ae2c8499c0b03ef4c64ab58d246be2f","abstract_canon_sha256":"c8ae76842acfca0f9e28cd216fb4aebbc39a9117d570f581e8ec5d06cb0d8902"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ccf4f90c16d600c7d28dbf9615b6e02089b4cbfa0d822af7282075d5e1d70fcd","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2605.24545","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.24545","created_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.24545v1","created_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.24545","created_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ZT2PSDAW2YAM","created_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ZT2PSDAW2YAMPUUN","created_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ZT2PSDAW","created_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:ZT2PSDAW2YAMPUUNX6LBLNXAEC","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.24545","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-05-23T12:25:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"eeadaefc8b6c645c37c9261e74fbc5dc5ae2c8499c0b03ef4c64ab58d246be2f","abstract_canon_sha256":"c8ae76842acfca0f9e28cd216fb4aebbc39a9117d570f581e8ec5d06cb0d8902"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ccf4f90c16d600c7d28dbf9615b6e02089b4cbfa0d822af7282075d5e1d70fcd","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45.671602Z","signature_b64":"2WghvNEoutW6CkbSPqDfyHdnrqmAVZXqci5aK4IeDySnHgs+5PGa2ov7unck4hzCGQUqlRe6epIfsOzn1NbJDQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"ccf4f90c16d600c7d28dbf9615b6e02089b4cbfa0d822af7282075d5e1d70fcd","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45.670664Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45.670664Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2605.24545","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"qseJqeJfjB5mnT4UOrLpAE22npDL3Pm4egoo61HVoTuZMj30ijngB0MWL9IvGXfY5NwlMY4n6sWMHKbBd/jJAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T05:39:18.240634Z"},"content_sha256":"c647be2da01d52e873e6371c8203c36df4ff90471fba1038d6d3c83bd53d69df","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c647be2da01d52e873e6371c8203c36df4ff90471fba1038d6d3c83bd53d69df"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:ZT2PSDAW2YAMPUUNX6LBLNXAEC","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Rethinking Federated Unlearning via the Lens of Memorization","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Chao Chen, He Zhang, Jiaheng Wei, Jun Zhang, Kok-Leong Ong, Leo Yu Zhang, Yang Xiang, Yanjun Zhang","submitted_at":"2026-05-23T12:25:50Z","abstract_excerpt":"Federated learning (FL) increasingly needs machine unlearning to comply with privacy regulations. However, existing federated unlearning approaches may overlook the overlapping information between the unlearning and remaining data, leading to ineffective unlearning and unfairness between clients. In this work, we revisit federated unlearning through the lens of memorization. We argue that unlearning should mainly remove the unique memorized information attributable to the data to be forgotten, while preserving overlapping patterns that are also supported by the remaining data. Specifically, we"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2605.24545","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.24545/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xVWgaTD7QvLkZZj2k9dk3YpPBpSt4tI4y/grGqGFdbESEKVip5qEdE6rpSzQoU2L8ACSQZKhm9/1inUALXU1Aw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T05:39:18.241018Z"},"content_sha256":"0ea640cfee3ecee9023bf1b5172d249c734238c10955a101436965f89cc89c40","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0ea640cfee3ecee9023bf1b5172d249c734238c10955a101436965f89cc89c40"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ZT2PSDAW2YAMPUUNX6LBLNXAEC/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ZT2PSDAW2YAMPUUNX6LBLNXAEC/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ZT2PSDAW2YAMPUUNX6LBLNXAEC/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-28T05:39:18Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/ZT2PSDAW2YAMPUUNX6LBLNXAEC","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/ZT2PSDAW2YAMPUUNX6LBLNXAEC/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/ZT2PSDAW2YAMPUUNX6LBLNXAEC/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ZT2PSDAW2YAMPUUNX6LBLNXAEC/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:ZT2PSDAW2YAMPUUNX6LBLNXAEC","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c8ae76842acfca0f9e28cd216fb4aebbc39a9117d570f581e8ec5d06cb0d8902","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-05-23T12:25:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"eeadaefc8b6c645c37c9261e74fbc5dc5ae2c8499c0b03ef4c64ab58d246be2f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.24545","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.24545","created_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.24545v1","created_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.24545","created_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ZT2PSDAW2YAM","created_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ZT2PSDAW2YAMPUUN","created_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ZT2PSDAW","created_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0ea640cfee3ecee9023bf1b5172d249c734238c10955a101436965f89cc89c40","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2605.24545/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Federated learning (FL) increasingly needs machine unlearning to comply with privacy regulations. However, existing federated unlearning approaches may overlook the overlapping information between the unlearning and remaining data, leading to ineffective unlearning and unfairness between clients. In this work, we revisit federated unlearning through the lens of memorization. We argue that unlearning should mainly remove the unique memorized information attributable to the data to be forgotten, while preserving overlapping patterns that are also supported by the remaining data. Specifically, we","authors_text":"Chao Chen, He Zhang, Jiaheng Wei, Jun Zhang, Kok-Leong Ong, Leo Yu Zhang, Yang Xiang, Yanjun Zhang","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-05-23T12:25:50Z","title":"Rethinking Federated Unlearning via the Lens of Memorization"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2605.24545","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:c647be2da01d52e873e6371c8203c36df4ff90471fba1038d6d3c83bd53d69df","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c8ae76842acfca0f9e28cd216fb4aebbc39a9117d570f581e8ec5d06cb0d8902","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-05-23T12:25:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"eeadaefc8b6c645c37c9261e74fbc5dc5ae2c8499c0b03ef4c64ab58d246be2f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.24545","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"ccf4f90c16d600c7d28dbf9615b6e02089b4cbfa0d822af7282075d5e1d70fcd","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"ccf4f90c16d600c7d28dbf9615b6e02089b4cbfa0d822af7282075d5e1d70fcd","first_computed_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45.670664Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45.670664Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"2WghvNEoutW6CkbSPqDfyHdnrqmAVZXqci5aK4IeDySnHgs+5PGa2ov7unck4hzCGQUqlRe6epIfsOzn1NbJDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-26T01:03:45.671602Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2605.24545","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:c647be2da01d52e873e6371c8203c36df4ff90471fba1038d6d3c83bd53d69df","sha256:0ea640cfee3ecee9023bf1b5172d249c734238c10955a101436965f89cc89c40"],"state_sha256":"38bac3fed8efe672aef745fc9587c9c0e129edf64fb2515f34c0dbde1708eeb9"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"t4TF2rIGpIwFZGKXGOkf7hUze63QUfpFocT8vJlddPd/BIXWbxkEYGHuHkOjvT7RcYPvNjH1KyDrexf2D8xVDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T05:39:18.243038Z","bundle_sha256":"54f8adcae82d968c318232ce14747dfc2c4358c214f8a8f4ab7c746eeb529d55"}}