{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2023:ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4","short_pith_number":"pith:ZX65VI53","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"cdfddaa3bb5e3d4ef27ea1a9f726385f2191d40474d477548503150e92619694","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2303.10443","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"GazeReader: Detecting Unknown Word Using Webcam for English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CL"],"primary_cat":"cs.HC","authors_text":"Bowen Zhao, Jiexin Ding, Yuanchun Shi, Yuntao Wang, Yuqi Huang","submitted_at":"2023-03-18T15:55:49Z","abstract_excerpt":"Automatic unknown word detection techniques can enable new applications for assisting English as a Second Language (ESL) learners, thus improving their reading experiences. However, most modern unknown word detection methods require dedicated eye-tracking devices with high precision that are not easily accessible to end-users. In this work, we propose GazeReader, an unknown word detection method only using a webcam. GazeReader tracks the learner's gaze and then applies a transformer-based machine learning model that encodes the text information to locate the unknown word. We applied knowledge "},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2303.10443","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.HC","submitted_at":"2023-03-18T15:55:49Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"9a797de8623d89444cd435bb283924776b699255364828f2dac23f6dece4e655","abstract_canon_sha256":"df3522c69c6cec1aa84ad6d1d2c45dc7d6276591c5de4e7d5215081f2f2e4754"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398915Z","signature_b64":"z9oICzk+sizAFOj5ObElxwUvqcV3qMT7LWKcFc7ezwxzRzAaATJwpCinpU+9iygUd3YKKS6i9PaT6LrFF4Z5Cw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"cdfddaa3bb5e3d4ef27ea1a9f726385f2191d40474d477548503150e92619694","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398521Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398521Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"GazeReader: Detecting Unknown Word Using Webcam for English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CL"],"primary_cat":"cs.HC","authors_text":"Bowen Zhao, Jiexin Ding, Yuanchun Shi, Yuntao Wang, Yuqi Huang","submitted_at":"2023-03-18T15:55:49Z","abstract_excerpt":"Automatic unknown word detection techniques can enable new applications for assisting English as a Second Language (ESL) learners, thus improving their reading experiences. However, most modern unknown word detection methods require dedicated eye-tracking devices with high precision that are not easily accessible to end-users. In this work, we propose GazeReader, an unknown word detection method only using a webcam. GazeReader tracks the learner's gaze and then applies a transformer-based machine learning model that encodes the text information to locate the unknown word. We applied knowledge "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2303.10443","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2303.10443/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2303.10443","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398577+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2303.10443v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398577+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2303.10443","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398577+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ZX65VI53LY6U","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398577+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ZX65VI53LY6U54T6","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398577+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ZX65VI53","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398577+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4","json":"https://pith.science/pith/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/ZX65VI53"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/ZX65VI53","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2303.10443&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398577+00:00","updated_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398577+00:00"}