{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4","short_pith_number":"pith:ZX65VI53","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2303.10443","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.HC","submitted_at":"2023-03-18T15:55:49Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"9a797de8623d89444cd435bb283924776b699255364828f2dac23f6dece4e655","abstract_canon_sha256":"df3522c69c6cec1aa84ad6d1d2c45dc7d6276591c5de4e7d5215081f2f2e4754"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"cdfddaa3bb5e3d4ef27ea1a9f726385f2191d40474d477548503150e92619694","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2303.10443","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2303.10443","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2303.10443v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2303.10443","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ZX65VI53LY6U","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ZX65VI53LY6U54T6","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ZX65VI53","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2303.10443","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.HC","submitted_at":"2023-03-18T15:55:49Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"9a797de8623d89444cd435bb283924776b699255364828f2dac23f6dece4e655","abstract_canon_sha256":"df3522c69c6cec1aa84ad6d1d2c45dc7d6276591c5de4e7d5215081f2f2e4754"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"cdfddaa3bb5e3d4ef27ea1a9f726385f2191d40474d477548503150e92619694","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398915Z","signature_b64":"z9oICzk+sizAFOj5ObElxwUvqcV3qMT7LWKcFc7ezwxzRzAaATJwpCinpU+9iygUd3YKKS6i9PaT6LrFF4Z5Cw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"cdfddaa3bb5e3d4ef27ea1a9f726385f2191d40474d477548503150e92619694","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398521Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398521Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2303.10443","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rcSGuJlRv11PwKd5GQtUkc7dTPPZ/+2BEp15M6AeqwzoCuO7q69lrFArZ7B0D1mmaM7mP8Gz2Yc8WC2D6PRYDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T03:15:23.547452Z"},"content_sha256":"fd73f84b7462508daa8a5e7e25772b7779a0075af5a3a3b4b0717df288cfdd28","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:fd73f84b7462508daa8a5e7e25772b7779a0075af5a3a3b4b0717df288cfdd28"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"GazeReader: Detecting Unknown Word Using Webcam for English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CL"],"primary_cat":"cs.HC","authors_text":"Bowen Zhao, Jiexin Ding, Yuanchun Shi, Yuntao Wang, Yuqi Huang","submitted_at":"2023-03-18T15:55:49Z","abstract_excerpt":"Automatic unknown word detection techniques can enable new applications for assisting English as a Second Language (ESL) learners, thus improving their reading experiences. However, most modern unknown word detection methods require dedicated eye-tracking devices with high precision that are not easily accessible to end-users. In this work, we propose GazeReader, an unknown word detection method only using a webcam. GazeReader tracks the learner's gaze and then applies a transformer-based machine learning model that encodes the text information to locate the unknown word. We applied knowledge "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2303.10443","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2303.10443/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"otwVeTtFOoy7oSP0UXeZSrKFiJks731izLDaIb21xKhVF4p0Vopp6mzG/MtFTmlmba/LDZ0PuKnO9XhXJkwuAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T03:15:23.548345Z"},"content_sha256":"51eac15b09780b1f28a3f21514d6b2514d6cbd6f1f4d68dbbc9a62ecce071b89","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:51eac15b09780b1f28a3f21514d6b2514d6cbd6f1f4d68dbbc9a62ecce071b89"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-05T03:15:23Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:ZX65VI53LY6U54T6UGU7OJRYL4","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"df3522c69c6cec1aa84ad6d1d2c45dc7d6276591c5de4e7d5215081f2f2e4754","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.HC","submitted_at":"2023-03-18T15:55:49Z","title_canon_sha256":"9a797de8623d89444cd435bb283924776b699255364828f2dac23f6dece4e655"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2303.10443","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2303.10443","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2303.10443v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2303.10443","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ZX65VI53LY6U","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ZX65VI53LY6U54T6","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ZX65VI53","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:51eac15b09780b1f28a3f21514d6b2514d6cbd6f1f4d68dbbc9a62ecce071b89","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2303.10443/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Automatic unknown word detection techniques can enable new applications for assisting English as a Second Language (ESL) learners, thus improving their reading experiences. However, most modern unknown word detection methods require dedicated eye-tracking devices with high precision that are not easily accessible to end-users. In this work, we propose GazeReader, an unknown word detection method only using a webcam. GazeReader tracks the learner's gaze and then applies a transformer-based machine learning model that encodes the text information to locate the unknown word. We applied knowledge ","authors_text":"Bowen Zhao, Jiexin Ding, Yuanchun Shi, Yuntao Wang, Yuqi Huang","cross_cats":["cs.CL"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.HC","submitted_at":"2023-03-18T15:55:49Z","title":"GazeReader: Detecting Unknown Word Using Webcam for English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2303.10443","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:fd73f84b7462508daa8a5e7e25772b7779a0075af5a3a3b4b0717df288cfdd28","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"df3522c69c6cec1aa84ad6d1d2c45dc7d6276591c5de4e7d5215081f2f2e4754","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.HC","submitted_at":"2023-03-18T15:55:49Z","title_canon_sha256":"9a797de8623d89444cd435bb283924776b699255364828f2dac23f6dece4e655"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2303.10443","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"cdfddaa3bb5e3d4ef27ea1a9f726385f2191d40474d477548503150e92619694","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"cdfddaa3bb5e3d4ef27ea1a9f726385f2191d40474d477548503150e92619694","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398521Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398521Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"z9oICzk+sizAFOj5ObElxwUvqcV3qMT7LWKcFc7ezwxzRzAaATJwpCinpU+9iygUd3YKKS6i9PaT6LrFF4Z5Cw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:52:32.398915Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2303.10443","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:fd73f84b7462508daa8a5e7e25772b7779a0075af5a3a3b4b0717df288cfdd28","sha256:51eac15b09780b1f28a3f21514d6b2514d6cbd6f1f4d68dbbc9a62ecce071b89"],"state_sha256":"4a3a88e9a79558e6ce230936b295d553e93d026094c5b6272560693e0bb9d83b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"nR9gg+FiEQPWEOrkS0sKtqlI2qOXdB3ZlzvypfFS6+DwOCuieapr7Xeg9yg7UONo9aNIpkeAUMnMYM0XS2DGBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T03:15:23.555535Z","bundle_sha256":"cd2892974c73a075430b1e8cb27ec7dee280781055ba3bd5da041a100dc03a32"}}