Not yet reviewed by Pith; the record is open.

The calculation of g-functions is essential for the design and simulation of geothermal boreholes. However, existing methods, such as the stacked finite line source (SFLS) model, face challenges regarding computational efficiency and accuracy, particularly with fine-grained discretization. This paper introduces a novel discretization method to address these limitations. We reformulate the g-function calculation under the uniform borehole wall temperature boundary condition as the solution to spatio-temporal integral equations. The SFLS model is identified as a special case using stepwise approximation of the heat extraction rate. Our proposed method employs the Gauss-Legendre quadrature to approximate the spatial integrals with a weighted sum of function values at strategically chosen points. This transforms the time-consuming segment-to-segment integral calculations in SFLS model into simpler and analytical point-to-point response factors. Furthermore, we identify that the governing integral equations are of the Fredholm first kind, leading to ill-conditioned linear systems that can cause g-function to diverge at high discretization orders. To address this, a regularization technique is implemented to ensure stable and convergent solutions. Numerical tests demonstrate that the proposed method is significantly more efficient, achieving comparable or improved accuracy at speeds 20 to 200 times faster than the SFLS model with optimized nonuniform discretization schemes.