A new family of polytropic bulk-viscous fluids reduces to Israel-Stewart near equilibrium and stays causal, symmetric hyperbolic, and thermodynamically consistent for arbitrarily large viscous stresses.
Interplay of shear and bulk viscosity in generating flow in heavy-ion collisions
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We perform viscous hydrodynamic calculations in 2+1 dimensions to investigate the influence of bulk viscosity on the viscous suppression of elliptic flow in non-central heavy-ion collisions at RHIC energies. Bulk and shear viscous effects on the evolution of radial and elliptic flow are studied with different model assumptions for the transport coefficients. We find that the temperature dependence of the relaxation time for the bulk viscous pressure, especially its critical slowing down near the quark-hadron phase transition at T_c, partially offsets effects from the strong growth of the bulk viscosity itself near T_c, and that even small values of the specific shear viscosity eta/s of the fireball matter can be extracted without large uncertainties from poorly controlled bulk viscous effects.
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Extending Israel-Stewart theory: Causal bulk viscosity at large gradients
A new family of polytropic bulk-viscous fluids reduces to Israel-Stewart near equilibrium and stays causal, symmetric hyperbolic, and thermodynamically consistent for arbitrarily large viscous stresses.