Gauge-covariant momentum yields branch-dependent electromagnetic sources in the Raychaudhuri equation for Lorentz-violating congruences, producing focusing or defocusing that depends on the dispersion branch and field gradients.
Penrose, Gravitational collapse and space-time singularities, Physical Review Letters14, 57 (1965)
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Gauge-covariant Raychaudhuri dynamics for spin-nondegenerate Lorentz-violating congruences
Gauge-covariant momentum yields branch-dependent electromagnetic sources in the Raychaudhuri equation for Lorentz-violating congruences, producing focusing or defocusing that depends on the dispersion branch and field gradients.