Sub-nucleonic hotspots in the initial state increase longitudinal flow decorrelation and reduce baryon stopping in simulated Pb+Pb collisions, but the model still underestimates decorrelation in mid-central events.
Indications of early thermalization in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
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abstract
The directed flow of particles emitted from the fireball created in a heavy-ion collision is shown to be a very sensitive measure of the pressure equilibration in the first 1 fm/c of the evolution. Performing a 3+1 dimensional relativistic hydrodynamic calculation with nonequilibrated longitudinal and transverse pressures, we show that the directed flow is strongly reduced if the pressure imbalance survives for even a short time. Transverse momentum spectra, elliptic flow and interferometry correlation radii are not very sensitive to this early pressure anisotropy. Comparison with the data points toward a short equilibration time of the order of $0.25$fm/c or less.
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Effects of sub-nucleonic fluctuations on the longitudinal structure of heavy-ion collisions
Sub-nucleonic hotspots in the initial state increase longitudinal flow decorrelation and reduce baryon stopping in simulated Pb+Pb collisions, but the model still underestimates decorrelation in mid-central events.