In developing airfoil boundary layers, free-stream turbulence suppresses the adverse-pressure-gradient wake, raises skin friction toward zero-pressure-gradient values, and this influence is amplified as the pressure gradient strengthens.
Particle image velocimetry investigation of a turbulent boundary layer manipulated by spanwise wall oscillations , volume=
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Effect of free-stream turbulence on a moderate adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer developing over an airfoil
In developing airfoil boundary layers, free-stream turbulence suppresses the adverse-pressure-gradient wake, raises skin friction toward zero-pressure-gradient values, and this influence is amplified as the pressure gradient strengthens.