Lattice QCD results show the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio of gluon plasma reaches a minimum near the transition temperature Tc while the bulk viscosity to entropy density ratio decreases monotonically from 0.76 to 2.25 Tc.
Energy Loss and Flow of Heavy Quarks in Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV
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abstract
The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has measured electrons from heavy flavor (charm and bottom) decays for 0.3 < p_T < 9 GeV/c at midrapidity (|y| < 0.35) in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV. The nuclear modification factor R_AA relative to p+p collisions shows a strong suppression in central Au+Au collisions, indicating substantial energy loss of heavy quarks in the medium produced at RHIC. A large azimuthal anisotropy, v_2, with respect to the reaction plane is observed for 0.5 < p_T < 5 GeV/c indicating non-zero heavy flavor elliptic flow. Both R_AA and v_2 show a p_T dependence different from those of neutral pions. A comparison to transport models which simultaneously describe R_AA(p_T) and v_2(p_T) suggests that the viscosity to entropy density ratio is close to the conjectured quantum lower bound, i.e., near a perfect fluid.
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Shear and bulk viscosities of the gluon plasma across the transition temperature from lattice QCD
Lattice QCD results show the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio of gluon plasma reaches a minimum near the transition temperature Tc while the bulk viscosity to entropy density ratio decreases monotonically from 0.76 to 2.25 Tc.