Gives a short second proof that D_d(m) decomposes into d directed Hamilton cycles for d≥2 and odd m≥3 via a fixed-row-sum selection theorem, cyclic lifts, and Lean 4 verification.
Hamilton decompositions of all directed tori at odd modulus
1 Pith paper cite this work. Polarity classification is still indexing.
abstract
Let $D_d(m) = \mathrm{Cay}((\mathbb{Z}/m\mathbb{Z})^d, {e_0, \ldots, e_{d-1}})$ denote the directed Cayley graph on the positive coordinate basis, equivalently the Cartesian product of $d$ directed cycles of length $m$. The equal side directed Hamilton decomposition problem asks when the arc set of $D_d(m)$ partitions into $d$ directed Hamilton cycles. We prove that such a decomposition exists for every $d \geq 2$ and every odd $m \geq 3$, settling the equal side directed Hamilton decomposition problem at all odd moduli. The proof combines root flat certificate theorem, a prefix count primitivity criterion, and a modular trade lifting theorem with two closure principles: the Cartesian product and the successor step $b \mapsto 2b+1$. Together these propagate the small base dimensions $d \in {2, 3, 5, 7}$ to all $d \geq 2$. The boundary cases $D_7(3)$ and $D_7(5)$, where the prefix-count family saturates its zero symbol budget, are handled by explicit non prefix zero set root flat certificates whose zero set compiler. An accompanying Lean 4 formalization verifies the main theorem and the finite certificate predicates.
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math.CO 1years
2026 1verdicts
UNVERDICTED 1representative citing papers
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Short Second Proof of the Odd-Modulus Directed Torus Hamilton Decomposition Theorem
Gives a short second proof that D_d(m) decomposes into d directed Hamilton cycles for d≥2 and odd m≥3 via a fixed-row-sum selection theorem, cyclic lifts, and Lean 4 verification.