In 5d N=1 U(N) gauge theory, codimension-two defects produce Q-operators whose q-difference equations are the Baxter TQ equations of XXZ spin chains built on bi-infinite evaluation modules of quantum affine algebras.
Gauge Theory and the Analytic Form of the Geometric Langlands Program
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We present a gauge-theoretic interpretation of the "analytic" version of the geometric Langlands program, in which Hitchin Hamiltonians and Hecke operators are viewed as concrete operators acting on a Hilbert space of quantum states. The gauge theory ingredients required to understand this construction -- such as electric-magnetic duality between Wilson and 't Hooft line operators in four-dimensional gauge theory -- are the same ones that enter in understanding via gauge theory the more familiar formulation of geometric Langlands, but now these ingredients are organized and applied in a novel fashion.
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$Q$-operators, $q$-opers, and R-matrices in 5d $\mathcal{N}=1$ gauge theory
In 5d N=1 U(N) gauge theory, codimension-two defects produce Q-operators whose q-difference equations are the Baxter TQ equations of XXZ spin chains built on bi-infinite evaluation modules of quantum affine algebras.