For a U(1)-charged scalar, the Euclidean bounce for vacuum decay loses O(4) symmetry at finite charge, lowers the barrier and increases the rate, while charge rearrangement imposes a subluminal terminal velocity on the expanding bubble.
Baratella,Supercooling exit from charge supersaturation,2512.16601
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Globally Charged Vacuum Decay
For a U(1)-charged scalar, the Euclidean bounce for vacuum decay loses O(4) symmetry at finite charge, lowers the barrier and increases the rate, while charge rearrangement imposes a subluminal terminal velocity on the expanding bubble.