In a conducting cylindrical waveguide, the skyrmion number is preserved during propagation when the transverse electric field is everywhere nonzero, and TE1n/TM1n modes act as topologically stabilizing modes that can enforce this condition.
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Optical Skyrmions in Waveguides
In a conducting cylindrical waveguide, the skyrmion number is preserved during propagation when the transverse electric field is everywhere nonzero, and TE1n/TM1n modes act as topologically stabilizing modes that can enforce this condition.