Under the natural interpretation of actions as interventions, every causal Bayesian network that matches observational data is trivially interventionally valid, so interventional data cannot falsify causal models.
◦ IntI C(a) ⊆ IntI eI,f (a) such that D1 (if it behaves like an intervention, it is that intervention) is satisfied
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What is causal about causal models and representations?
Under the natural interpretation of actions as interventions, every causal Bayesian network that matches observational data is trivially interventionally valid, so interventional data cannot falsify causal models.