Phase-sensitive sum-frequency spectroscopy yields a hydronium adsorption free energy of -3.74 kJ/mol at the water/vapor interface, implying a surface pH about 0.66 units below bulk pH.
Environmental Pollution 50(1-2):29-59
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Intrinsic pH of water/vapor interface revealed by ion-induced water alignment
Phase-sensitive sum-frequency spectroscopy yields a hydronium adsorption free energy of -3.74 kJ/mol at the water/vapor interface, implying a surface pH about 0.66 units below bulk pH.