Discrete ODE schemas over the F AC0 base algebra ACDL are claimed to characterize PH, the counting hierarchy, FModmP/⊕P, FPSPACE, and FP, with hierarchy levels given by nesting depth.
Towards new characterizations of small circuit classes via discrete ordinary differential equations.Theoretical Computer Science, 1062:115655, 2026
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Towards a Characterization of Counting and Alternating Classes via Discrete Ordinary Differential Equations
Discrete ODE schemas over the F AC0 base algebra ACDL are claimed to characterize PH, the counting hierarchy, FModmP/⊕P, FPSPACE, and FP, with hierarchy levels given by nesting depth.