For non-viscous fluids in normal flow on static or stationary spacetimes, the redshifted heat current is conserved and the redshifted temperature obeys a curved-space Laplace-type heat equation.
Tolman-Ehrenfest's criterion of thermal equilibrium extended to conformally static spacetimes
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abstract
With insight from examples and physical arguments, the Tolman-Ehrenfest criterion of thermal equilibrium for test fluids in static spacetimes is extended to local thermal equilibrium in conformally static geometries. The temperature of the conformally rescaled fluid scales with the inverse of the conformal factor, reproducing the evolution of the cosmic microwave background in Friedmann universes, the Hawking temperature of the Sultana-Dyer cosmological black hole, and a heuristic argument by Dicke.
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General relativistic heat flow from first order hydrodynamics
For non-viscous fluids in normal flow on static or stationary spacetimes, the redshifted heat current is conserved and the redshifted temperature obeys a curved-space Laplace-type heat equation.