A time-crystal scalar field is shown to satisfy the phantom dark energy conditions w < -1, c_s^2 > 0, and rho >= 0 inside the crystal region.
The State of the Dark Energy Equation of State
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abstract
By combining data from seven cosmic microwave background experiments (including the latest WMAP results) with large scale structure data, the Hubble parameter measurement from the Hubble Space Telescope and luminosity measurements of Type Ia supernovae we demonstrate the bounds on the dark energy equation of state $w_Q$ to be $-1.38< w_Q <-0.82$ at the 95% confidence level. Although our limit on $w_Q$ is improved with respect to previous analyses, cosmological data does not rule out the possibility that the equation of state parameter $w_Q$ of the dark energy $Q$ is less than -1. We present a tracking model that ensures $w_Q \le -1$ at recent times and discuss the observational consequences.
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Dark Energy from Time Crystals
A time-crystal scalar field is shown to satisfy the phantom dark energy conditions w < -1, c_s^2 > 0, and rho >= 0 inside the crystal region.