A full-system energy model shows NISQ quantum simulations dominated by error mitigation sampling overhead while FTQC costs are driven by physical qubit overhead from code distance and magic states.
Energy use in quantum data centers: Scaling the impact of computer architecture, qubit performance, size, and thermal parameters.IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing (2022)
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Estimating The Energy Consumption of Quantum Computing from A Full System Aspect
A full-system energy model shows NISQ quantum simulations dominated by error mitigation sampling overhead while FTQC costs are driven by physical qubit overhead from code distance and magic states.