For fixed quantum batteries, random unitary, CPTP, and general quantum maps extract the same average energy, but fluctuations vanish only in a Cesàro limit over auxiliary dimensions; finite-ancilla scalings are 1/n (CPTP) and ln(n)/n (general maps).
Thermodynamics and Fluctuations in Quantum Heat Engines under Reservoir Squeezing
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abstract
We investigate the thermodynamics and fluctuations of a finite-time quantum Otto engine alternatively driven by a hot squeezed and a cold thermal reservoir. We show that reservoir squeezing significantly enhances the performance by increasing the thermodynamic efficiency and the power, and enables higher stability by decreasing the relative power fluctuations and speeding up the convergence of quantum efficiency to its most probable value. These results are explained by our theoretical analysis that incorporates the effect of reservoir squeezing on the irreversibility associated with quantum friction and coherence due to finite time. An experimental scheme for realizing this quantum heat engine is proposed using a single-electron spin pertaining to a trapped 40Ca$^+$ ion. We provide a general framework for reliably studying the finite-time quantum heat engine and derive important insights into the novel thermodynamic behaviors beyond the classical thermal machines.
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Fluctuation in energy extraction from quantum batteries: How open should the system be to control it?
For fixed quantum batteries, random unitary, CPTP, and general quantum maps extract the same average energy, but fluctuations vanish only in a Cesàro limit over auxiliary dimensions; finite-ancilla scalings are 1/n (CPTP) and ln(n)/n (general maps).