Q-balls under spontaneously broken U(1) can leak charge through the Nambu-Goldstone channel and end as smaller Q-balls, oscillons, or decaying configurations, with stable remnants for small symmetry-breaking scales.
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Electroweak models with low-energy supersymmetry breaking predict the existence of stable non-topological solitons, Q-balls, that can be produced in the early universe. The relic Q-balls can accumulate inside a neutron star and gradually absorb the baryons into the scalar condensate. This causes a slow reduction in the mass of the star. When the mass reaches a critical value, the neutron star becomes unstable and explodes. The cataclysmic destruction of the distant neutron stars may be the origin of the gamma-ray bursts.
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Q-balls Under Spontaneously Broken U(1) Symmetry
Q-balls under spontaneously broken U(1) can leak charge through the Nambu-Goldstone channel and end as smaller Q-balls, oscillons, or decaying configurations, with stable remnants for small symmetry-breaking scales.