Hadrons described by the nonlinear sigma model minimally coupled to Maxwell theory modify photon paths away from null geodesics, enabling analytic hadronic corrections to gravitational lensing deflection angles.
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Nonlocal black holes remain consistent with general relativity at the 1.13-sigma level after joint lensing and quasinormal-mode constraints.
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Hadronic lensing
Hadrons described by the nonlinear sigma model minimally coupled to Maxwell theory modify photon paths away from null geodesics, enabling analytic hadronic corrections to gravitational lensing deflection angles.
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Observational constraints on nonlocal black holes via gravitational lensing
Nonlocal black holes remain consistent with general relativity at the 1.13-sigma level after joint lensing and quasinormal-mode constraints.