Mixed training creates more shared gradient-influenced parameters between fact-storing and fact-answering than two-stage training, and these shared parameters are what enable generalization to unseen questions.
Physics of language models: Part 3.1, knowledge storage and extraction
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Understanding Fact Recall in Language Models: Why Two-Stage Training Encourages Memorization but Mixed Training Teaches Knowledge
Mixed training creates more shared gradient-influenced parameters between fact-storing and fact-answering than two-stage training, and these shared parameters are what enable generalization to unseen questions.