Layered water Cherenkov detectors can be calibrated on atmospheric muons, and a triangular GCOS array needs about 15,000 tanks at roughly 2.2 km spacing for full efficiency above 10 EeV.
Maris,Probing Extreme PeVatron Sources,these proceedings(2025)
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Performance Studies of Layered Water Cherenkov Detectors
Layered water Cherenkov detectors can be calibrated on atmospheric muons, and a triangular GCOS array needs about 15,000 tanks at roughly 2.2 km spacing for full efficiency above 10 EeV.