The paper identifies twelve protocol-level security risks across MCP, A2A, Agora, and ANP and quantifies wrong-provider tool execution risk in MCP via a measurement-driven case study on multi-server composition.
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CASCADE is a cascaded hybrid detector that combines fast regex/entropy filtering, BGE embeddings with local LLM fallback, and output pattern checks to achieve 95.85% precision and 6.06% false-positive rate against prompt injection and related attacks in MCP-based systems.
citing papers explorer
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Security Threat Modeling for Emerging AI-Agent Protocols: A Comparative Analysis of MCP, A2A, Agora, and ANP
The paper identifies twelve protocol-level security risks across MCP, A2A, Agora, and ANP and quantifies wrong-provider tool execution risk in MCP via a measurement-driven case study on multi-server composition.
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CASCADE: A Cascaded Hybrid Defense Architecture for Prompt Injection Detection in MCP-Based Systems
CASCADE is a cascaded hybrid detector that combines fast regex/entropy filtering, BGE embeddings with local LLM fallback, and output pattern checks to achieve 95.85% precision and 6.06% false-positive rate against prompt injection and related attacks in MCP-based systems.