Desktop GUI agents face TOCTOU attacks from UI state changes during the ~6.5s observation-to-action gap, with a three-layer pre-execution verification defense achieving 100% interception on two attack types but failing on DOM injection.
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Temporal UI State Inconsistency in Desktop GUI Agents: Formalizing and Defending Against TOCTOU Attacks on Computer-Use Agents
Desktop GUI agents face TOCTOU attacks from UI state changes during the ~6.5s observation-to-action gap, with a three-layer pre-execution verification defense achieving 100% interception on two attack types but failing on DOM injection.