Under Hankel-DMDc, lithium-ion SOC emerges as the marginally stable Koopman mode nearest the unit circle and yields a usable SOC-sensitive observable after min-max scaling.
State-of-charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries
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Koopman Spectral Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Dynamics: State of Charge as a Marginally Stable Observable
Under Hankel-DMDc, lithium-ion SOC emerges as the marginally stable Koopman mode nearest the unit circle and yields a usable SOC-sensitive observable after min-max scaling.