The Milky Way disk spin-up to rotationally supported motion occurred at mean age 12.1 Gyr for -1.25 < [Fe/H] < -0.9, traced by high-alpha stars, while low-alpha stars show no transition and start at disk-like velocities.
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Simulations show that observed rotation in 13.5-Gyr-old alpha-rich stars constrains the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus merger to mass ratios below 1:4, with interaction and starburst times both near 11 Gyr.
citing papers explorer
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Dawn of the Milky Way disk: Determination of when a rotationally supported disk appears and dating the spin-up of the disk
The Milky Way disk spin-up to rotationally supported motion occurred at mean age 12.1 Gyr for -1.25 < [Fe/H] < -0.9, traced by high-alpha stars, while low-alpha stars show no transition and start at disk-like velocities.
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Build-up and survival of the disc: From numerical models of galaxy formation to the Milky Way
Simulations show that observed rotation in 13.5-Gyr-old alpha-rich stars constrains the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus merger to mass ratios below 1:4, with interaction and starburst times both near 11 Gyr.