In small-budget RCTs where significance tests decide scale-up, optimal pilot sampling shifts from representative to single homogeneous subpopulation as budget shrinks.
Beyond Generalization of the ATE: Designing Randomized Trials to Understand Treatment Effect Heterogeneity
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When Representative Samples Produce Worse Outcomes: Scale-up Decisions and Testing in Small-Budget RCTs
In small-budget RCTs where significance tests decide scale-up, optimal pilot sampling shifts from representative to single homogeneous subpopulation as budget shrinks.