For a scalar field coupled to radiation, the paper derives a modified CMB temperature law T(z) = T0(1+z)^(1-ε/4) and argues that positive ε shifts acoustic peaks to larger scales, claiming this eases the Hubble tension.
Can Brans-Dicke Scalar Field Mimic Early Dark Energy?
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abstract
We show that a generalisation of Brand-Dicke (BD) theory can provide a theoretical basis for dark energy at early times. This generalisation is based on introducing a potential for the BD scalar and allowing of the latter to interact with radiation in the radiation-dominated rea. We argue that the model we take up provides a strong theoretical basis for early dark energy (EDE) so that the scalar field can mimic a cosmological constant and quintessence behaviors under slow-roll and non-slow-roll conditions, respectively.
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Probing Scalar-Photon Coupling in the Early Universe: Implications for CMB Temperature and Anisotropies
For a scalar field coupled to radiation, the paper derives a modified CMB temperature law T(z) = T0(1+z)^(1-ε/4) and argues that positive ε shifts acoustic peaks to larger scales, claiming this eases the Hubble tension.