A field-level flow-matching likelihood shows the raw 6D halo phase-space distribution carries 2.5-9.9x more MW-LMC parameter information than velocity moments; adding BFE+MOPED summaries recovers much of this gap.
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LMC-induced Perturbations in the Milky Way Halo II: Bridging Field-level Inference and Summary-level Simulation-Based Inference
A field-level flow-matching likelihood shows the raw 6D halo phase-space distribution carries 2.5-9.9x more MW-LMC parameter information than velocity moments; adding BFE+MOPED summaries recovers much of this gap.