Characterizes the exact capacity of multi-bit covert LLM watermarking via Gelfand-Pinsker and channel synthesis, then gives a polar-code algorithm achieving 0.375 bits/token at under 10% BER with negligible perplexity impact.
A total of2 n(Rk+R+R0) codewords are drawn i.i.d from the distribution P ⊗n U =Qn t=1 PU(ut)
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Covert Multi-bit LLM Watermarking: An Information Theory and Coding Approach
Characterizes the exact capacity of multi-bit covert LLM watermarking via Gelfand-Pinsker and channel synthesis, then gives a polar-code algorithm achieving 0.375 bits/token at under 10% BER with negligible perplexity impact.