Randomized homodyne and heterodyne measurements are processed into shadow estimators of continuous-variable state moments, enabling entanglement and loss detection with a few thousand samples.
Entanglement and squeezing in continuous-variable systems
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abstract
We introduce a multi-mode squeezing coefficient to characterize entanglement in $N$-partite continuous-variable systems. The coefficient relates to the squeezing of collective observables in the $2N$-dimensional phase space and can be readily extracted from the covariance matrix. Simple extensions further permit to reveal entanglement within specific partitions of a multipartite system. Applications with nonlinear observables allow for the detection of non-Gaussian entanglement.
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Continuous-variable state moments from randomized homodyne and heterodyne measurements
Randomized homodyne and heterodyne measurements are processed into shadow estimators of continuous-variable state moments, enabling entanglement and loss detection with a few thousand samples.