In lead islands smaller than about 12 nm radius, Coulomb charging energy exceeds the pairing gap, enabling stable odd-parity ground states that can be locally tuned with STM voltage pulses.
Variation of the Coulomb staircase in a two-junction system by fractional electron charge,
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Local control of parity and charge in nanoscale superconducting lead islands
In lead islands smaller than about 12 nm radius, Coulomb charging energy exceeds the pairing gap, enabling stable odd-parity ground states that can be locally tuned with STM voltage pulses.