Any single-output LLM ensemble is accuracy-capped at 1-beta where beta is the all-models-wrong rate, a quantity not captured by pairwise correlations and frequently underestimated by copula models.
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When Does Combining Language Models Help? A Co-Failure Ceiling on Routing, Voting, and Mixture-of-Agents Across 67 Frontier Models
Any single-output LLM ensemble is accuracy-capped at 1-beta where beta is the all-models-wrong rate, a quantity not captured by pairwise correlations and frequently underestimated by copula models.