The second fundamental form of a spatial slice in a torsional spacetime is a sum of the Hubble term and an extrinsic torsion term, producing a negative bias in Hubble estimates when torsion is neglected.
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Intrinsic Torsion, Extrinsic Torsion, and the Hubble Parameter
The second fundamental form of a spatial slice in a torsional spacetime is a sum of the Hubble term and an extrinsic torsion term, producing a negative bias in Hubble estimates when torsion is neglected.