A Gaia-based kinematic comparison shows black holes have mixed natal kicks: several are much faster than 90% of their local stars, while others match the local population, supporting both strong-kick and weak-kick formation channels.
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Mixed origins: strong natal kicks for some black holes and none for others
A Gaia-based kinematic comparison shows black holes have mixed natal kicks: several are much faster than 90% of their local stars, while others match the local population, supporting both strong-kick and weak-kick formation channels.