Bias in GPT-5.2 and Gemini 2.5 Flash changes rather than transfers between English and Swahili, with GPT-5.2 refusal behavior appearing only in English.
arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.02362 , year=
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Cross-Lingual Bias in Large Language Models: A Comparative Analysis of English and Swahili
Bias in GPT-5.2 and Gemini 2.5 Flash changes rather than transfers between English and Swahili, with GPT-5.2 refusal behavior appearing only in English.