For estimating average treatment effects in a target population, a covariate-dependent allocation based on conditional outcome variance is provably optimal regardless of the target covariate distribution and the data configuration.
(2024) Causal inference methods for combining randomized trials and observational studies: A review
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Optimal Treatment Allocations Accounting for Population Differences
For estimating average treatment effects in a target population, a covariate-dependent allocation based on conditional outcome variance is provably optimal regardless of the target covariate distribution and the data configuration.