Constant electric fields in de Sitter require a tachyonic photon mass ~H, yielding finite positive Schwinger currents for massless fermions and scalars after on-shell renormalization.
Gravitational corrections to the Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian
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abstract
We use the worldline formalism for calculating the one-loop effective action for the Einstein-Maxwell background induced by charged scalars or spinors, in the limit of low energy and weak gravitational field but treating the electromagnetic field nonperturbatively. The effective action is obtained in a form which generalizes the standard proper-time representation of the Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian. We compare with previous work and discuss possible applications.
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Three distinct non-minimal curvature-EM couplings produce different enlargements or reductions of black hole shadows and alter photon ring separations in characteristic ways.
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Classical constant electric fields and the Schwinger effect in de Sitter
Constant electric fields in de Sitter require a tachyonic photon mass ~H, yielding finite positive Schwinger currents for massless fermions and scalars after on-shell renormalization.
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Photon rings and shadows of black holes with non-minimal couplings between curvature and electromagnetic field
Three distinct non-minimal curvature-EM couplings produce different enlargements or reductions of black hole shadows and alter photon ring separations in characteristic ways.